मार्सेल मॉस
मुफ़्त उपहार जैसी कोई चीज़ नहीं होती: देना, लेना और लौटाना बंधन और दायित्व रचते हैं, और उनमें एक पूरा समाज स्वयं को प्रकट करता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
दुरकेम के भतीजे और निकटतम सहयोगी: उपहार कभी मुफ़्त नहीं होते – वे देने, लेने और लौटाने के दायित्व रचते हैं, और इस तरह एक “संपूर्ण सामाजिक तथ्य” बनाते हैं जिसमें अर्थव्यवस्था, विधि, धर्म और नैतिकता मिलते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- उपहार: देना, लेना, लौटाना
- संपूर्ण सामाजिक तथ्य
- शरीर की तकनीकें
गुरु: एमिल दुरकेम
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
एमिल दुरकेम जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Mauss, Durkheim’s nephew, studied philosophy in Bordeaux under his guidance; Durkheim steered him towards the study of religion, and they wrote ‘De quelques formes primitives de classification’ together (1903). M. Fournier, Marcel Mauss (1994); É. Durkheim & M. Mauss, “De quelques formes primitives de classification”, L’Année sociologique 6 (1903)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mauss built his comparison of gift exchange on Malinowski’s kula ring (Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922), reading it as total prestation (Essai sur le don, 1925). M. Mauss, “Essai sur le don”, L’Année sociologique, new series 1 (1923–24, published 1925); B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की › 1884–1942
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
ई. ई. इवांस-प्रिचर्ड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Introducing The Gift in English (1954), Evans-Pritchard claimed Mauss’s comparative study of gift exchange for social anthropology: ‘we social anthropologists therefore regard him as one of us’. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, introduction to M. Mauss, The Gift, trans. I. Cunnison (1954)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ई. ई. इवांस-प्रिचर्ड › 1902–1973
क्लोद लेवी-स्त्रोस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In his ‘Introduction à l’œuvre de Marcel Mauss’ (1950) Lévi-Strauss read The Gift as a forerunner of the structural analysis of exchange and mana as a ‘floating signifier’. C. Lévi-Strauss, “Introduction à l’œuvre de Marcel Mauss”, in M. Mauss, Sociologie et anthropologie (1950); Les structures élémentaires de la parenté (1949)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्लोद लेवी-स्त्रोस › 1908–2009
मैरी डगलस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In her foreword ‘No Free Gifts’ (1990) Douglas read Mauss’s Gift as a theory of solidarity: gifts create obligations and bonds; a gift creating none is a contradiction. M. Douglas, “No Free Gifts”, foreword to M. Mauss, The Gift, trans. W. D. Halls (1990); How Institutions Think (1986)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैरी डगलस › 1921–2007
पियरे बूर्दियो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bourdieu took up Mauss’s habitus and techniques of the body and reread the gift as exchange whose economic truth is misrecognised (Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique, 1972). P. Bourdieu, Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique (1972); Le sens pratique (1980); M. Mauss, “Les techniques du corps” (1936); “Essai sur le don” (1925)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियरे बूर्दियो › 1930–2002
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
जाक देरिदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In Given Time (1991) Derrida argued that Mauss’s Essay on the Gift speaks of everything but the gift, since a gift caught in exchange and return annuls itself. J. Derrida, Donner le temps I. La fausse monnaie (1991), ch. 2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
कृतियाँ
- 1925उपहार
पोटलैच से माओरी हाउ तक: उपहार देने, लेने और लौटाने के दायित्वों से लोगों को बाँधते हैं।
मत
Mauss wrote mainly essays, but several of them became founding texts. With Hubert he analysed sacrifice (1899) and magic (1902–03), with Durkheim the social origins of systems of classification (1903). The Gift (1925) compares the potlatch of the north-west coast of America, the kula ring of the Trobriand Islands described by Malinowski, Maori ideas of the hau, the spirit of the gift, and early Roman, Germanic and Hindu law. Everywhere he found three obligations: to give, to receive and to give back. Gifts that seem voluntary are in fact binding; they create alliances, rank and rivalry, and they mix persons and things. Such exchanges are “total social facts”, in which economic, legal, religious, moral and aesthetic aspects cannot be separated. Mauss drew a political lesson against both pure market society and Bolshevism and argued for social insurance and mutual aid as modern forms of the gift. In “Techniques of the Body” (1934) he showed that walking, swimming or sleeping are learned differently in each society, and used the term habitus for such acquired bodily dispositions. Claude Lévi-Strauss, in his introduction to Mauss’s collected essays (1950), read The Gift as a forerunner of structuralism; Pierre Bourdieu took up habitus and the gift as an exchange whose economic character must be misrecognised; Jacques Derrida, in Given Time (1991), objected that a gift that returns as exchange is no longer a gift.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Marcel Mauss was born in 1872 in Épinal in the Vosges into a Jewish family; his mother was the sister of Émile Durkheim. He studied philosophy at Bordeaux under his uncle and passed the agrégation in 1895, then studied Sanskrit and the history of religions in Paris. He did no fieldwork himself, but read nearly everything ethnographers wrote. From 1898 he was one of the main contributors to Durkheim’s journal L’Année sociologique, often together with his friend Henri Hubert, and in 1901 he took the chair for the history of religions of “non-civilised peoples” at the École pratique des hautes études. A socialist close to Jean Jaurès, he helped found the newspaper L’Humanité in 1904 and was active in the cooperative movement. The First World War, in which he served as an interpreter, killed many of Durkheim’s students and Durkheim’s son; after Durkheim’s death in 1917 Mauss edited his uncle’s papers and kept the school together. In 1925 he co-founded the Institut d’ethnologie in Paris, and in 1931 he was elected to a chair of sociology at the Collège de France. The anti-Jewish laws of the Vichy regime forced him out in 1940. He died in Paris in 1950.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Essay on the Nature and Function of Sacrifice (with Henri Hubert, 1899)
- A General Theory of Magic (with Henri Hubert, 1902–03)
- Primitive Classification (with Émile Durkheim, 1903)
- The Gift (Essai sur le don, 1925)
- Techniques of the Body (Les techniques du corps, 1934)
- A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person (1938)
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