يي إي
تنشأ كل مشاعرنا من الطاقة الحيوية، وليس المبدأ إلا راكبًا عليها – وينبغي لهذا الرأي أن يهدي إصلاح الدولة العملي.
التموضع
كونفوشيوسي جديد كوري ومصلح: خلافًا ليي هوانغ، القوة المادية (تشي) وحدها تُصدر المشاعر، بينما المبدأ (لي) «يركبها».
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التشي يُصدر واللي يركب
- جدل الأربعة والسبعة
- الإصلاح العملي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
تشو شي
تأثّر بـ
Yi I (Yulgok) recast Zhu Xi’s theory of principle and material force as the idea that principle runs through all things while material force sets their limits (itong giguk; letters to Seong Hon, 1572). Yi I, letters to Seong Hon (1572); Seonghak jibyo (1575); E. Y. J. Chung, The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T’oegye and Yi Yulgok (1995); M. C. Kalton et al., The Four-Seven Debate (1994)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشو شي › 1130–1200
النقد
ينتقد 1
يي هوانغ
انتقد
Yi I (Yulgok) rejected Yi Hwang’s view that principle (li) and material force (qi) each ‘issue’ feelings: only qi issues, with li riding upon it (Four–Seven Debate). Yi I, letters to Seong Hon (1572); M. Kalton et al., The Four-Seven Debate, 1994
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يي هوانغ › 1501–1570
الأعمال
مجمل لتعاليم الكونفوشيوسية الجديدة للملك سونجو في تهذيب النفس والأسرة والحكم.
الموقف
In the Four–Seven Debate on how Mencius’ four sprouts of virtue relate to the seven emotions, Yi Hwang had held that the four issue from principle (li) and the seven from material force (qi). In letters to Seong Hon from 1572, Yulgok replied that only qi can issue: li “rides” on it as its pattern, so there is only one path. The four sprouts are the good part of the seven emotions, not a separate source; li is universal, while qi particularises. He stressed sincerity and submitted bold reform memorials on taxation and administration. His school and Yi Hwang’s shaped Korean Neo-Confucianism, and its factions, for centuries.
الحياة والسياق
Yi I, known by his pen name Yulgok, was born in 1536 in Gangneung; his mother, Sin Saimdang, was a celebrated painter and poet. After her death he spent a year in a Buddhist monastery, which opponents later held against him. According to tradition he took first place in nine state examinations. He visited Yi Hwang in 1558, held high offices under King Seonjo and died in 1584.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Questions and Answers at the Eastern Lake (Dongho mundap, 1569)
- Essentials for Overcoming Ignorance (Gyeongmong yogyeol, 1577)
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