स्वामी विवेकानन्द
दिव्य हर व्यक्ति में है, इसलिए दूसरों की सेवा ईश्वर की सेवा है – और सब धर्म एक ही सत्य तक पहुँचने के मार्ग हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
वे संन्यासी जिन्होंने 1893 में शिकागो में पश्चिम के सामने वेदांत प्रस्तुत किया: सेवा का एक “व्यावहारिक वेदांत” और सभी धर्मों का सामंजस्य।
मुख्य विचार
- व्यावहारिक वेदांत
- धर्मों का सामंजस्य
- राज योग
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
पतञ्जलि
जिनसे प्रभावित
Vivekananda’s Raja Yoga (1896) translated and commented on Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra, presenting it as an experimental science of the mind. Swami Vivekananda, Raja Yoga (1896); E. De Michelis, A History of Modern Yoga (2004)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पतञ्जलि › लगभग 325–400
आदि शंकराचार्य
जिनसे प्रभावित
Vivekananda placed Shankara’s Advaita at the summit of Hinduism and turned it into a ‘practical Vedanta’ of service to others (lectures in London, 1896). Swami Vivekananda, Practical Vedanta (lectures, London 1896); A. Rambachan, The Limits of Scripture (1994)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आदि शंकराचार्य › लगभग 700–750 · प्रचलित तिथि 788–820
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Radhakrishnan recalled how students passed round Vivekananda’s speeches and letters, stirring pride in Indian culture; he carried on Vivekananda’s presentation of Vedanta as a universal religion. R. N. Minor, Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography (1987); IEP “Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन › 1888–1975
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
विलियम जेम्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In Pragmatism (1907) James quoted Vivekananda, “the paragon of Vedantist missionaries”, as the voice of absolute monism – emotionally reassuring, but rejected for his pluralism; the Varieties (1902) cite his Raja Yoga on mystical states. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture IV “The One and the Many”; The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Lectures XVI–XVII
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
कृतियाँ
- 1896राज योग
न्यूयॉर्क के व्याख्यान, पतञ्जलि के योगसूत्र के अनुवाद के साथ: योग मन के विज्ञान के रूप में, सबके लिए खुला।
मत
Vivekananda presented Hinduism to the West as a universal, rational religion with Advaita Vedanta at its summit. All religions, he taught following Ramakrishna, are paths to the same truth; the soul is divine, and the task of life is to manifest that divinity. His “practical Vedanta” turned non-dualism into an ethic of service: to serve the poor is to worship God. He described four yogas – of work, devotion, knowledge and meditation – and in Raja Yoga read Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra as a science of the mind, shaping modern yoga. Scholars debate how far he reshaped the tradition and set a spiritual East against a material West; Hindu nationalists later claimed him.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Narendranath Datta was born in 1863 in Calcutta and studied Western philosophy there. In 1881 he met the mystic Ramakrishna, became his disciple and, after his master’s death, took monastic vows as Swami Vivekananda. Having wandered across India, he spoke at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago in 1893 and taught in America and England. In 1897 he founded the Ramakrishna Mission. He died in 1902.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Addresses at the Parliament of Religions (1893)
- Raja Yoga (1896)
- Karma Yoga (1896)
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