كارل هيمبل
تفسير الشيء علميًا يعني بيان أنه يترتب على قوانين عامة مقترنةً بالظروف الجزئية.
التموضع
تجريبي منطقي من جماعة برلين: تفسير حدث ما هو اشتقاقه من قوانين عامة وشروط ابتدائية (النموذج الاستنباطي-القانوني)؛ وتبيّن مفارقة الغراب مبلغ إشكال التأييد.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التفسير الاستنباطي-القانوني
- مفارقة الغراب
- نقد معيار القابلية للتحقق
الأساتذة: رودولف كارناب, هانز رايخينباخ
التلاميذ: روبرت نوزيك
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
رودولف كارناب تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على
Hempel studied with Carnap, Schlick and Waismann in Vienna in the autumn semester of 1929 and in 1937–38 worked with Carnap at the University of Chicago; his doctorate (Berlin, 1934) was taken elsewhere. SEP “Carl Hempel”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رودولف كارناب › 1891–1970
هانز رايخينباخ تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على
Hempel studied with Reichenbach in Berlin from 1929, went to Vienna that autumn at his suggestion and belonged to his Berlin Group; after Reichenbach’s emigration his doctorate on probability (1934) was examined by Wolfgang Köhler and Nicolai Hartmann. SEP “Carl Hempel”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
هانز رايخينباخ › 1891–1953
يانينا هوزياسون-ليندنباوم
تأثّر بـ
Hempel discussed Hosiasson-Lindenbaum’s probabilistic answer to the raven paradox, on which a non-black non-raven confirms only to a tiny degree (‘Studies in the Logic of Confirmation’, 1945). C. G. Hempel, “Studies in the Logic of Confirmation”, Mind 54 (1945); J. Hosiasson-Lindenbaum, “On Confirmation”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 5 (1940); SEP “Confirmation”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يانينا هوزياسون-ليندنباوم › 1899–1942
أثّر في 1
روبرت نوزيك علّم
علّم
Nozick wrote his Princeton dissertation, The Normative Theory of Individual Choice (1963), under Hempel’s supervision; it was printed in 1990. R. Nozick, The Normative Theory of Individual Choice (diss. Princeton 1963; printed 1990)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
روبرت نوزيك › 1938–2002
النقد
ينتقد 1
ألفرد آير
انتقد
Hempel argued that Ayer’s verifiability criterion, even as revised in 1946, either admits metaphysics or excludes scientific laws (‘Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning’, 1950). C. G. Hempel, “Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning”, Revue Internationale de Philosophie 11 (1950), 41–63; A. Church, review of Ayer, Journal of Symbolic Logic 14 (1949)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألفرد آير › 1910–1989
الأعمال
إن كان كل غراب أسود يؤيد «كل الغربان سود»، فكذلك يؤيدها كل شيء غير أسود وليس غرابًا – حذاء أبيض، كما تروي الروايات اللاحقة: مفارقة التأييد.
كُتبت مع الكيميائي باول أوبنهايم، وتعرض النموذج الاستنباطي-القانوني: التفسير يستنتج ما يراد تفسيره من قوانين وشروط أولية.
الموقف
Hempel gave logical empiricism its classical accounts of confirmation and explanation, and was at the same time one of its sharpest internal critics. “Studies in the Logic of Confirmation” (1945) showed a paradox: if every black raven confirms “all ravens are black”, and this law is logically equivalent to “everything non-black is a non-raven”, then a white shoe confirms it too. With Oppenheim he set out the deductive-nomological model in 1948: an explanation is an argument whose premises contain at least one general law and particular conditions, and whose conclusion describes what is to be explained. He had already applied the model to history in 1942, and later added inductive-statistical explanations for probabilistic laws. Explanation and prediction have the same logical form. In “Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning” (1950) he showed that every proposed formulation of the verifiability criterion, including Ayer’s, either excludes scientific laws or lets in metaphysics, and concluded that cognitive significance comes in degrees. In his late papers he engaged closely with Kuhn, his colleague at Princeton, and moved towards a more pragmatic view of scientific rationality.
الحياة والسياق
Carl Gustav Hempel was born in Oranienburg near Berlin in 1905. He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Göttingen, Heidelberg and Berlin, spent 1929–30 in Vienna, where he met Carnap, Schlick and Waismann, and belonged to Hans Reichenbach’s Berlin Group. His doctorate on probability (1934) was completed after Reichenbach had been dismissed. Because his wife was of Jewish descent he left Germany for Belgium, where he worked with Paul Oppenheim, and in 1937 went to Chicago as Carnap’s assistant. He taught at City College in New York, at Yale (1948–1955), at Princeton (1955–1973), where Robert Nozick was among his doctoral students, and finally at Pittsburgh. He died near Princeton in 1997.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Function of General Laws in History (1942)
- Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning (1950)
- Aspects of Scientific Explanation (1965)
- Philosophy of Natural Science (1966)
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