罗吉尔·培根
对自然的认识必须建立在实验和数学之上，而不仅仅是书本——学者们应当用原文语言来阅读文本。
定位
方济各会的“奇异博士”（Doctor mirabilis）：关于自然的知识必须建立在数学、光学和经验之上——学者也应学习原文语言。
核心思想
- 实验科学（scientia experimentalis）
- 数学是通向各门科学的钥匙
- 光学
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响
Bacon was among the first masters to lecture on Aristotle’s natural philosophy and Metaphysics at Paris in the 1240s; his question commentaries from these years survive. Roger Bacon, Quaestiones supra libros Physicorum; Quaestiones supra Metaphysicam (Opera hactenus inedita); SEP “Roger Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
海什木
受其影响
Roger Bacon based the theory of vision in the Perspectiva of his Opus maius (1267) largely on Ibn al-Haytham’s Optics in its Latin translation, De aspectibus. Roger Bacon, Opus maius, part V (1267); D. C. Lindberg, Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler (1976); SEP “Roger Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
海什木 › 约965–1040年
伊本·西那（阿维森纳）
受其影响
Bacon ranked Avicenna highest among Aristotle’s followers and, with him, held the agent intellect to be separate from the soul – for Bacon, God himself (Opus maius, 1267). Roger Bacon, Opus maius (1267); É. Gilson, ‘Les sources gréco-arabes de l’augustinisme avicennisant’, AHDLMA 4 (1929); SEP “Roger Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
伊本·西那（阿维森纳） › 980–1037
伊本·鲁世德（阿威罗伊）
受其影响
Bacon used Averroes’ commentaries in his Paris lectures on Aristotle in the 1240s and cited him as an authority in the Opus maius (1267). Roger Bacon, Quaestiones supra libros Physicorum; Opus maius (1267); SEP “Roger Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
伊本·鲁世德（阿威罗伊） › 1126–1198
作品
- 1267大著作（Opus Majus）
一份百科全书式的呈教宗书，主张研习语言、数学、光学和实验科学。
立场
Bacon named four causes of human ignorance: unworthy authority, long custom, popular opinion and the concealing of one’s ignorance behind a show of wisdom. As remedies he urged the study of Greek, Hebrew and Arabic, so that scholars could read their sources in the original; mathematics, which he called the gate and key of the sciences; optics, the science of light and vision; and an “experimental science” that tests conclusions against experience and discovers new truths. All this was to serve Christian wisdom. Later centuries made him a legendary magician and a forerunner of modern science – both images exaggerate, yet his program was remarkable.
生平与背景
Roger Bacon was born in England around 1219 and studied at Oxford and Paris, where in the 1240s he was among the first to lecture on Aristotle’s writings on nature. Around 1257 he became a Franciscan. In 1267, at the request of Pope Clement IV, he sent him his major works. A later, uncertain report says his order confined him. He died around 1292, probably in Oxford.
其他主要作品
- Opus Minus (1267)
- Opus Tertium (1267)
- Compendium of the Study of Philosophy (c. 1271)
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