روجر باكون
يجب أن تقوم معرفة الطبيعة على التجربة والرياضيات لا على الكتب وحدها – وعلى العلماء أن يقرؤوا النصوص بلغاتها الأصلية.
التموضع
«المعلّم العجيب» (Doctor mirabilis) من الفرنسيسكان: يجب أن تقوم معرفة الطبيعة على الرياضيات والبصريات والتجربة – وعلى العلماء أن يتعلموا اللغات الأصلية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- العلم التجريبي (scientia experimentalis)
- الرياضيات مفتاحًا للعلوم
- البصريات
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ
Bacon was among the first masters to lecture on Aristotle’s natural philosophy and Metaphysics at Paris in the 1240s; his question commentaries from these years survive. Roger Bacon, Quaestiones supra libros Physicorum; Quaestiones supra Metaphysicam (Opera hactenus inedita); SEP “Roger Bacon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
ابن الهيثم
تأثّر بـ
Roger Bacon based the theory of vision in the Perspectiva of his Opus maius (1267) largely on Ibn al-Haytham’s Optics in its Latin translation, De aspectibus. Roger Bacon, Opus maius, part V (1267); D. C. Lindberg, Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler (1976); SEP “Roger Bacon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ابن الهيثم › نحو 965–1040
ابن سينا
تأثّر بـ
Bacon ranked Avicenna highest among Aristotle’s followers and, with him, held the agent intellect to be separate from the soul – for Bacon, God himself (Opus maius, 1267). Roger Bacon, Opus maius (1267); É. Gilson, ‘Les sources gréco-arabes de l’augustinisme avicennisant’, AHDLMA 4 (1929); SEP “Roger Bacon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ابن سينا › 980–1037
ابن رشد
تأثّر بـ
Bacon used Averroes’ commentaries in his Paris lectures on Aristotle in the 1240s and cited him as an authority in the Opus maius (1267). Roger Bacon, Quaestiones supra libros Physicorum; Opus maius (1267); SEP “Roger Bacon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ابن رشد › 1126–1198
الأعمال
مرافعة موسوعية إلى البابا من أجل اللغات والرياضيات والبصريات والعلم التجريبي.
الموقف
Bacon named four causes of human ignorance: unworthy authority, long custom, popular opinion and the concealing of one’s ignorance behind a show of wisdom. As remedies he urged the study of Greek, Hebrew and Arabic, so that scholars could read their sources in the original; mathematics, which he called the gate and key of the sciences; optics, the science of light and vision; and an “experimental science” that tests conclusions against experience and discovers new truths. All this was to serve Christian wisdom. Later centuries made him a legendary magician and a forerunner of modern science – both images exaggerate, yet his program was remarkable.
الحياة والسياق
Roger Bacon was born in England around 1219 and studied at Oxford and Paris, where in the 1240s he was among the first to lecture on Aristotle’s writings on nature. Around 1257 he became a Franciscan. In 1267, at the request of Pope Clement IV, he sent him his major works. A later, uncertain report says his order confined him. He died around 1292, probably in Oxford.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Opus Majus (1267)
- Opus Minus (1267)
- Opus Tertium (1267)
- Compendium of the Study of Philosophy (c. 1271)
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