रोजर बेकन
प्रकृति का ज्ञान केवल पुस्तकों पर नहीं, प्रयोग और गणित पर टिकना चाहिए – और विद्वानों को ग्रंथ उनकी मूल भाषाओं में पढ़ने चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
फ़्रांसिस्कन “डॉक्टर मिराबिलिस”: प्रकृति का ज्ञान गणित, प्रकाशिकी और अनुभव पर टिका होना चाहिए – और विद्वानों को मूल भाषाएँ सीखनी चाहिए।
मुख्य विचार
- प्रायोगिक विज्ञान (scientia experimentalis)
- विज्ञानों की कुंजी के रूप में गणित
- प्रकाशिकी
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bacon was among the first masters to lecture on Aristotle’s natural philosophy and Metaphysics at Paris in the 1240s; his question commentaries from these years survive. Roger Bacon, Quaestiones supra libros Physicorum; Quaestiones supra Metaphysicam (Opera hactenus inedita); SEP “Roger Bacon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
इब्न अल-हेथम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Roger Bacon based the theory of vision in the Perspectiva of his Opus maius (1267) largely on Ibn al-Haytham’s Optics in its Latin translation, De aspectibus. Roger Bacon, Opus maius, part V (1267); D. C. Lindberg, Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler (1976); SEP “Roger Bacon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इब्न अल-हेथम › लगभग 965–1040
अबू अली सीना
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bacon ranked Avicenna highest among Aristotle’s followers and, with him, held the agent intellect to be separate from the soul – for Bacon, God himself (Opus maius, 1267). Roger Bacon, Opus maius (1267); É. Gilson, ‘Les sources gréco-arabes de l’augustinisme avicennisant’, AHDLMA 4 (1929); SEP “Roger Bacon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अबू अली सीना › 980–1037
इब्न रश्द
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bacon used Averroes’ commentaries in his Paris lectures on Aristotle in the 1240s and cited him as an authority in the Opus maius (1267). Roger Bacon, Quaestiones supra libros Physicorum; Opus maius (1267); SEP “Roger Bacon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इब्न रश्द › 1126–1198
कृतियाँ
- 1267ओपस माजुस
पोप से भाषाओं, गणित, प्रकाशिकी और प्रायोगिक विज्ञान के लिए एक विश्वकोशीय अनुरोध।
मत
Bacon named four causes of human ignorance: unworthy authority, long custom, popular opinion and the concealing of one’s ignorance behind a show of wisdom. As remedies he urged the study of Greek, Hebrew and Arabic, so that scholars could read their sources in the original; mathematics, which he called the gate and key of the sciences; optics, the science of light and vision; and an “experimental science” that tests conclusions against experience and discovers new truths. All this was to serve Christian wisdom. Later centuries made him a legendary magician and a forerunner of modern science – both images exaggerate, yet his program was remarkable.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Roger Bacon was born in England around 1219 and studied at Oxford and Paris, where in the 1240s he was among the first to lecture on Aristotle’s writings on nature. Around 1257 he became a Franciscan. In 1267, at the request of Pope Clement IV, he sent him his major works. A later, uncertain report says his order confined him. He died around 1292, probably in Oxford.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Opus Majus (1267)
- Opus Minus (1267)
- Opus Tertium (1267)
- Compendium of the Study of Philosophy (c. 1271)
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