摩陀婆

Agora

摩陀婆

约1238–1317年

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

上帝、灵魂和世界彼此真实而永远地不同——这与认为一切归根结底是一的观点相反。

定位

南亚与藏传哲学 · 南亚 · 形而上学, 宗教

二元论吠檀多的创立者：他反对商羯罗，主张神、灵魂与世界确实且永远彼此有别。

核心思想

二元论（dvaita）
五重差别
世界的真实性

在星图中打开

影响

受影响于 1

耶若伏吉耶

受其影响
Madhva commented on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, which preserves Yajnavalkya’s teaching, among the ten principal Upanishads, and read it in support of a real difference between God and selves. Madhva, Brihadaranyakopanishad-bhashya; B. N. K. Sharma, History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature (1960)
依据: AI 草稿
耶若伏吉耶 › 相传约公元前800—前720年年

批评

批评了 1

商羯罗

批评了
Madhva rejected Shankara’s non-dualism, holding the difference between God, selves and matter to be real and eternal (Mayavadakhandana; Vishnutattvavinirnaya). Madhva, Māyāvādakhaṇḍana; Viṣṇutattvavinirṇaya; B. N. K. Sharma, History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta, 1960
依据: AI 草稿
商羯罗 › 约700–750年 · 通行断代 788–820

作品

约1285年梵经注疏（Brahma Sutra Bhashya）
摩陀婆对《梵经》的注释：梵、灵魂与世界永远彼此有别。

立场

Madhva founded Dvaita (“dualist”) Vedanta, the sharpest counter-position to Shankara’s non-dualism. For him the world is no illusion but real, and difference belongs to the nature of reality. He taught a fivefold difference: between God and souls, God and matter, one soul and another, souls and matter, and one material thing and another. God – Vishnu – alone is independent; souls and world exist only in dependence on him. Souls differ in rank by nature; liberation comes through devotion (bhakti), knowledge and above all God’s grace, yet never dissolves the soul into God. Unusually in Indian thought, he held that some souls are never liberated.

生平与背景

Madhva, also called Madhvacharya or Anandatirtha, was born, according to the traditional dating, in 1238 near Udupi on the south-west coast of India. He became a monk in his youth but soon broke with the Advaita teaching of his teacher. He travelled widely, debated with rival schools and is credited with founding the Krishna temple at Udupi and its monasteries. Tradition says he vanished in 1317 while teaching.