柄谷行人

作品

• 1980日本现代文学的起源

  “风景”、“内面”、自白与儿童并不是永恒的既定之物，而是在明治文学中被发明出来的；这些形式一旦确立，其起源便被遗忘。

• 2001跨越性批判：康德与马克思

  用马克思读康德，用康德读马克思：“跨越性批判”在不同视角之间移动，目的王国成为生产者与消费者联合体的实践任务。

• 2010世界史的构造

  世界史是一系列占支配地位的交换样式：互酬、掠夺与再分配、商品交换，以及未来的交换样式D——在其中互酬将在超越资本、民族与国家的更高层次上回归。

立场

In “Origins of Modern Japanese Literature” (1980) Karatani argued that “landscape”, “interiority”, the confession and the “child” were not discovered by Meiji writers but produced by an inversion through which an inward-turned self began to see the world as landscape; once established, these forms appear natural and their origin is forgotten. In the 1980s he turned to formal systems and self-reference and, in “Exploration” (1986), to Wittgenstein’s problem of rule-following and the situation of teaching or selling to an other who does not share one’s rules. “Transcritique” (2001) reads Kant and Marx through each other: Kant’s critique is a movement between perspectives (a “pronounced parallax”), and Marx’s analysis of the value form is a transcendental critique of capital; the Kantian realm of ends becomes the task of associations of producers and consumers. “The Structure of World History” (2010) replaces modes of production with modes of exchange: reciprocity of the gift (A), plunder and redistribution by the state (B), commodity exchange (C), and a mode D that would restore reciprocity at a higher level beyond the interlocking knot of capital, nation and state. Critics have questioned whether mode D is more than a regulative idea; Karatani himself presents it as such, in Kant’s sense.

生平与背景

Karatani Kōjin was born on 6 August 1941 in Amagasaki near Osaka. He studied economics at the University of Tokyo and then English literature; as a student he was active in the radical left during the protests of 1960 against the security treaty with the United States. In 1969 he won the Gunzō prize for criticism with an essay on Natsume Sōseki and became one of the best-known literary critics in Japan. He taught at Hosei University and later at Kinki University, and spent long periods as a visiting scholar at Yale, where he came into contact with Paul de Man, and at Columbia. With Asada Akira he edited the journal Hihyō kūkan (Critical Space) from 1991 to 2002. In 2000 he founded the New Associationist Movement, a short-lived network intended to put the ideas of “Transcritique” into practice. In 2022 he received the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture.

其他主要作品

• Origins of Modern Japanese Literature (1980)
• Architecture as Metaphor (Inyu to shite no kenchiku, 1983)
• Exploration I and II (Tankyū, 1986, 1989)
• Transcritique: On Kant and Marx (2001)
• The Structure of World History (2010)
• Isonomia and the Origins of Philosophy (Tetsugaku no kigen, 2012)
• Power and Modes of Exchange (Chikara to kōkan yōshiki, 2022)