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迦毗罗

传说人物

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

归于他名下的学说把纯粹意识与活动的自然区分开来：当我们看到自我不是身体或心智时，苦就终结了。

定位

南亚与藏传哲学 · 形而上学, 心灵与意识

传说中的数论派（Samkhya）创始人，印度最古老的二元论体系：纯粹意识（purusha，神我）与能动的自然（prakriti，原质）相分离；最早的系统文本是自在黑的《数论颂》（约公元4至5世纪）。

核心思想

  • 神我与原质
  • 三德（gunas）
  • 果先在于因（因中有果论，satkaryavada）

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影响

影响了 3

  • 帕坦伽利

    影响了

    Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra takes over the Samkhya ascribed to Kapila, the dualism of conscious self (purusha) and nature (prakriti) with its three gunas, adding a special self, Ishvara. Patanjali, Yoga Sutra; G. J. Larson, Classical Samkhya (1969); E. F. Bryant, The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (2009)

    依据: AI 草稿

    帕坦伽利 › 约325–400年

  • 比鲁尼

    影响了

    Al-Biruni translated into Arabic a Samkhya book that he ascribed to Kapila (Kitab Sank, lost) and drew on it throughout his India (c. 1030) for the Indian doctrines of soul, matter and liberation. al-Biruni, Tahqiq ma li-l-Hind (c. 1030), preface, chs. VII and XII, tr. E. Sachau, Alberuni’s India (1888), vol. I

    依据: AI 草稿

    比鲁尼 › 973–1048

  • K. C. 巴塔恰里亚

    影响了

    K. C. Bhattacharya’s Studies in Samkhya Philosophy reinterpreted the Samkhya ascribed to Kapila, with its distinction of conscious self and nature, as a living philosophical option. K. C. Bhattacharya, “Studies in Sankhya Philosophy”, in Studies in Philosophy I (1956)

    依据: AI 草稿

    K. C. 巴塔恰里亚 › 1875–1949

批评

受批评于 2

  • 商羯罗

    受其批评

    Shankara argued that the Samkhya ‘nature’ (pradhana), being unconscious, cannot produce an ordered world without an intelligent cause (Brahmasutrabhashya II.2.1–10). Śaṅkara, Brahmasūtrabhāṣya I.1.5–11, II.2.1–10

    依据: AI 草稿

    商羯罗 › 约700–750年 · 通行断代 788–820

  • 格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔

    受其批评

    Hegel discussed Kapila’s Samkhya after Colebrooke’s essays in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy and judged that in Indian philosophy the Idea never becomes objective: the subject is lost in abstract substance instead of reaching freedom. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie (ed. Michelet 1833), “Indian Philosophy”; H. T. Colebrooke, “On the Philosophy of the Hindus”, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1827)

    依据: AI 草稿

    格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831

立场

Samkhya (“enumeration”) counts out the constituents of reality and traces them to two utterly different principles. Purusha is pure consciousness – many, inactive, a mere witness. Prakriti is unconscious primal nature, woven of three strands (gunas): sattva (clarity), rajas (activity) and tamas (inertia). When their balance is disturbed, nature unfolds into intellect, ego-sense, mind, senses and elements – twenty-five principles in all. Effects pre-exist in their causes (satkaryavada). Suffering comes from confusing consciousness with the workings of nature; liberation (kaivalya) is the insight that tells them apart. Classical Samkhya needs no creator God. It shaped Patanjali’s Yoga, the Bhagavad Gita and Indian medicine; Shankara attacked its unconscious first cause.

生平与背景

Kapila is a figure of legend rather than history. The Mahabharata and the Puranas celebrate him as a great sage, sometimes as an incarnation of Vishnu, and Buddhist tradition links the town of Kapilavastu with his name. Later Samkhya authors trace their teaching back to him through Asuri and Panchashikha. Any dating, including the 7th century BCE given here, is conjecture; no work by him survives.

主要作品

  • Samkhya Sutra (attributed to Kapila; probably 14th–15th century CE)
  • Samkhyakarika of Ishvarakrishna (c. 4th–5th century CE; the earliest systematic Samkhya text)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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