Kapila
Przypisywana mu nauka oddziela czystą świadomość od aktywnej natury: cierpienie się kończy, gdy widzimy, że ja nie jest ciałem ani umysłem.
Umiejscowienie
Legendarny założyciel szkoły Samkhya, najstarszego dualistycznego systemu Indii: czysta świadomość (purusha) jest odseparowana od aktywnej natury (prakriti); najwcześniejszym systematycznym tekstem jest Samkhyakarika Ishvarakrishny (ok. IV–V w. n.e.).
Kluczowe idee
- Purusha i prakriti
- Trzy guny
- Skutek istnieje wcześniej w swojej przyczynie (satkaryavada)
Wpływ
Wpływ na 3
Patańdźali
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Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra takes over the Samkhya ascribed to Kapila, the dualism of conscious self (purusha) and nature (prakriti) with its three gunas, adding a special self, Ishvara. Patanjali, Yoga Sutra; G. J. Larson, Classical Samkhya (1969); E. F. Bryant, The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (2009)
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Patańdźali › ok. 325–400
Al Biruni
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Al-Biruni translated into Arabic a Samkhya book that he ascribed to Kapila (Kitab Sank, lost) and drew on it throughout his India (c. 1030) for the Indian doctrines of soul, matter and liberation. al-Biruni, Tahqiq ma li-l-Hind (c. 1030), preface, chs. VII and XII, tr. E. Sachau, Alberuni’s India (1888), vol. I
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Al Biruni › 973–1048
K. C. Bhattacharya
wpływ na
K. C. Bhattacharya’s Studies in Samkhya Philosophy reinterpreted the Samkhya ascribed to Kapila, with its distinction of conscious self and nature, as a living philosophical option. K. C. Bhattacharya, “Studies in Sankhya Philosophy”, in Studies in Philosophy I (1956)
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K. C. Bhattacharya › 1875–1949
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 2
Adi Śankara
krytyka ze strony
Shankara argued that the Samkhya ‘nature’ (pradhana), being unconscious, cannot produce an ordered world without an intelligent cause (Brahmasutrabhashya II.2.1–10). Śaṅkara, Brahmasūtrabhāṣya I.1.5–11, II.2.1–10
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Adi Śankara › ok. 700–750 · datowane umownie 788–820
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
krytyka ze strony
Hegel discussed Kapila’s Samkhya after Colebrooke’s essays in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy and judged that in Indian philosophy the Idea never becomes objective: the subject is lost in abstract substance instead of reaching freedom. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie (ed. Michelet 1833), “Indian Philosophy”; H. T. Colebrooke, “On the Philosophy of the Hindus”, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1827)
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Stanowisko
Samkhya (“enumeration”) counts out the constituents of reality and traces them to two utterly different principles. Purusha is pure consciousness – many, inactive, a mere witness. Prakriti is unconscious primal nature, woven of three strands (gunas): sattva (clarity), rajas (activity) and tamas (inertia). When their balance is disturbed, nature unfolds into intellect, ego-sense, mind, senses and elements – twenty-five principles in all. Effects pre-exist in their causes (satkaryavada). Suffering comes from confusing consciousness with the workings of nature; liberation (kaivalya) is the insight that tells them apart. Classical Samkhya needs no creator God. It shaped Patanjali’s Yoga, the Bhagavad Gita and Indian medicine; Shankara attacked its unconscious first cause.
Życie i kontekst
Kapila is a figure of legend rather than history. The Mahabharata and the Puranas celebrate him as a great sage, sometimes as an incarnation of Vishnu, and Buddhist tradition links the town of Kapilavastu with his name. Later Samkhya authors trace their teaching back to him through Asuri and Panchashikha. Any dating, including the 7th century BCE given here, is conjecture; no work by him survives.
Główne dzieła
- Samkhya Sutra (attributed to Kapila; probably 14th–15th century CE)
- Samkhyakarika of Ishvarakrishna (c. 4th–5th century CE; the earliest systematic Samkhya text)
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