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爱伦·凯

1849–1926

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教育应让儿童按照自己的天性成长，尽可能少加干预，在家庭和学校中都不用体罚和操练；使婚姻合乎道德的是爱，而不是习俗；母职是一项创造性的任务，社会对此负有责任。

定位

生命哲学与存在哲学 · 北欧 · 社会与历史, 性别与女性主义, 伦理学

瑞典作家和演讲者：《儿童的世纪》（1900）呼吁一种顺应儿童自身发展而非靠操练的教育；她主张爱是婚姻的基础、母职是一项社会任务，并持有一种接近当时生命哲学、源自歌德和进化思想的生命信仰。

核心思想

  • 儿童的世纪
  • 从儿童的发展出发的教育
  • 爱作为婚姻的基础
  • 母职作为社会任务

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影响

受影响于 2

  • 赫伯特·斯宾塞

    受其影响

    In The Century of the Child (1900) Key held that Spencer’s thoughts ‘contain a great truth’ and based education on the child’s own natural development. E. Key, Barnets århundrade (1900); Eng. The Century of the Child (1909); H. Spencer, Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861)

    依据: AI 草稿

    赫伯特·斯宾塞 › 1820–1903

  • 弗朗西斯·高尔顿

    受其影响

    In The Century of the Child (1900), under ‘the right of the child to choose its parents’, Key rejected Galton’s strict eugenic rules but accepted his principles. E. Key, Barnets århundrade (1900); Eng. The Century of the Child (1909)

    依据: AI 草稿

    弗朗西斯·高尔顿 › 1822–1911

影响了 1

  • 平塚雷鸟

    影响了

    Hiratsuka translated Ellen Key in Seitō from 1913 and, in the motherhood protection debate of 1918–19, followed Key in demanding state support for mothers. Seitō (1911–16); Hiratsuka Raichō, In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun: The Autobiography of a Japanese Feminist, tr. T. Craig (2006)

    依据: AI 草稿

    平塚雷鸟 › 1886–1971

作品

  • 1896被滥用的女性力量

    一篇演讲和论文，主张妇女运动不应以男性的工作来衡量女性：女性的力量在于母职和照护，社会应当重视它们——这一立场使她与当时许多主张平等的女性主义者相对立。

  • 1900儿童的世纪

    宣告二十世纪应当成为儿童世纪的文集：学校应顺应儿童自身的发展，废除体罚和死记硬背；全书以一章论“儿童选择父母的权利”开篇。

立场

Key is on the map as a widely read thinker of the reform movements around 1900. “The Century of the Child” demanded that education start from the child’s own nature and development: no corporal punishment and no drill, fewer lessons and more freedom, a school close to home and nature, so that each child could become a personality. Her feminism differed from the equality feminism of many contemporaries. In “Misused Womanpower” (1896) she argued that women should not imitate men’s work; in “Love and Marriage” she defended love, not legal form or convention, as what makes a union moral, together with public support for mothers. Behind this stood a “faith in life” drawn from Goethe, Herbert Spencer and evolutionary thought, which made the growth of life and personality the measure of value. Her ideas reached as far as Japan, where Hiratsuka Raichō translated her and adopted her view of motherhood. Historians of education credit her with giving the reform movement its slogan; they also point out how strongly the book draws on the hereditarian thinking of its time, which is set out under “Context & critique”.

生平与背景

Ellen Key was born on 11 December 1849 at Sundsholm in Småland, the daughter of the liberal politician Emil Key, and was educated at home. She worked as her father’s secretary, and after the family estate was sold she taught from 1880 to 1899 at a girls’ school in Stockholm and lectured for many years at the Stockholm Workers’ Institute. Her books “Barnets århundrade” (1900) and “Lifslinjer” (1903–06), which includes “Love and Marriage”, made her known across Europe, above all in German translation; she lectured widely in Germany and Austria and corresponded with writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke. In 1910 she settled in her house Strand on Lake Vättern, which she left as a place of rest for working women. She died there on 25 April 1926.

其他主要作品

  • Missbrukad kvinnokraft (1896)
  • Barnets århundrade (1900; The Century of the Child, 1909)
  • Lifslinjer (3 vols., 1903–06), including Kärleken och äktenskapet (Love and Marriage, 1911)
  • Kvinnorörelsen (1909; The Woman Movement, 1912)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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