रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर
मानवता सृजनात्मक स्वतंत्रता और समस्त जीवन से आंतरिक बंधन से बढ़ती है – और राष्ट्रवाद एक ख़तरनाक मूर्ति है जो उसे कुंठित करती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
बंगाली कवि, शिक्षाविद और साहित्य के पहले गैर-यूरोपीय नोबेल विजेता: सृजनशील व्यक्तित्व का एक मानववादी धर्म और राष्ट्रवाद की तीखी आलोचना।
मुख्य विचार
- मानव का धर्म
- राष्ट्रवाद की आलोचना
- स्वतंत्रता में शिक्षा (शांतिनिकेतन)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
याज्ञवल्क्य
जिनसे प्रभावित
The link runs through the Upanishads, in which Yajnavalkya’s teaching is preserved: Tagore, raised with them in daily family worship, built his lectures Sadhana (1913) on them. R. Tagore, Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (1913), preface
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
याज्ञवल्क्य › परंपरागत रूप से लगभग 800–720 ईसा पूर्व
कबीर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Tagore translated One Hundred Poems of Kabir (1915, with Evelyn Underhill) from Kshitimohan Sen’s collection; many of the poems are of doubtful authenticity. R. Tagore (tr.), One Hundred Poems of Kabir (1915); C. Vaudeville, Kabir (1974)
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कबीर › लगभग 1440–1518
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Radhakrishnan’s The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (1918) presented Tagore’s poetry as a modern voice of the spirit of the Upanishads – a humanism and spiritualism he made his own. S. Radhakrishnan, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (London 1918)
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सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन › 1888–1975
अमर्त्य सेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sen, who grew up at Tagore’s school in Santiniketan, defended Tagore’s cosmopolitan reason and his critique of nationalism in “Tagore and His India” (1997). A. Sen, “Tagore and His India”, New York Review of Books, 26 June 1997; The Argumentative Indian (2005), ch. 5
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अमर्त्य सेन › जन्म 1933
आशीष नंदी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Illegitimacy of Nationalism (1994) Nandy read Tagore’s rejection of nationalism as an alternative to Western-style anti-colonial nationalism. A. Nandy, The Illegitimacy of Nationalism: Rabindranath Tagore and the Politics of Self (1994)
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आशीष नंदी › जन्म 1937
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
महात्मा गांधी
जिनकी आलोचना की
Tagore criticised Gandhi’s non-cooperation and burning of foreign cloth as narrowing, and doubted the spinning wheel as remedy (‘The Call of Truth’, 1921; ‘The Cult of the Charka’). S. Bhattacharya (ed.), The Mahatma and the Poet: Letters and Debates between Gandhi and Tagore 1915–1941, 1997
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महात्मा गांधी › 1869–1948
कृतियाँ
- 1917राष्ट्रवाद
जापान और संयुक्त राज्य में दिए गए व्याख्यान: राष्ट्र सत्ता और लालच के संगठन के रूप में जो जातियों के नैतिक जीवन को निगल जाता है।
मत
Tagore was a poet, composer, painter and educator rather than an academic philosopher. Drawing on the Upanishads and the Bhakti poets, he found the divine not beyond the world but in the creative surplus of human personality – in love, art and the striving for unity, which he called the religion of man. Education should cultivate freedom, creativity and harmony with nature, not mere obedience. In his lectures on nationalism he denounced the nation-state as an organisation of power and commerce that devours the moral life of peoples, and warned India against imitating it. He publicly disagreed with Gandhi over non-cooperation, and discussed the nature of truth with Einstein.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Rabindranath Tagore was born in 1861 in Calcutta, the son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj. Largely educated at home, he studied briefly in England. In 1901 he founded a school at Santiniketan, from which Visva-Bharati University grew in 1921. In 1913 he became the first non-European Nobel laureate in literature. He renounced his knighthood after the Amritsar massacre of 1919 and died in Calcutta in 1941.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Gitanjali (Bengali 1910; English as Song Offerings, 1912)
- The Home and the World (Ghare Baire, 1916)
- Nationalism (1917)
- The Religion of Man (1931)
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