कार्ल पोलान्यी
श्रम, भूमि और मुद्रा को पण्य मानने वाली बाज़ार-अर्थव्यवस्था उन्हें समाज से उखाड़ देती है; समाज अपना बचाव करता है, और बाज़ार तथा संरक्षण का टकराव स्वयं स्वतंत्रता को नष्ट करने पर समाप्त हो सकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ऑस्ट्रो-हंगेरियाई आर्थिक इतिहासकार जिन्होंने “द ग्रेट ट्रांसफ़ॉर्मेशन” (1944) में तर्क दिया कि स्वयं-नियामक बाज़ार एक हालिया और ख़तरनाक आविष्कार है: श्रम, भूमि और मुद्रा को वस्तु मानना उन्हें समाज से उखाड़ देता है और संरक्षण का एक “दोहरा आंदोलन” भड़काता है।
मुख्य विचार
- अर्थव्यवस्था की सामाजिक अंतर्निहितता
- काल्पनिक वस्तुएँ
- दोहरा आंदोलन
- पारस्परिकता, पुनर्वितरण, विनिमय
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
In ‘Aristotle Discovers the Economy’ (1957) Polanyi read Aristotle’s distinction between householding and money-making as a response to markets beginning to disembed the economy from society. K. Polanyi, “Aristotle Discovers the Economy”, in K. Polanyi, C. M. Arensberg and H. W. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Market in the Early Empires (1957); Aristotle, Politics, Book I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की
जिनसे प्रभावित
Polanyi used Malinowski’s Trobriand ethnography to show that economies can rest on reciprocity and redistribution rather than market exchange (The Great Transformation, 1944). K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944), “Societies and Economic Systems”; B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की › 1884–1942
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
ग्योस्ता एस्पिंग-एंडरसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
‘Inspired by’ Polanyi, Esping-Andersen measured welfare states by de-commodification, how far social rights let people live independently of the market (The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, 1990). G. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (1990); K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ग्योस्ता एस्पिंग-एंडरसन › जन्म 1947
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Fraser widened Polanyi’s ‘double movement’ of marketisation and social protection into a ‘triple movement’ that adds emancipation (‘A Triple Movement?’, New Left Review, 2013). N. Fraser, “A Triple Movement? Parsing the Politics of Crisis after Polanyi”, New Left Review 81 (2013); K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र › जन्म 1947
कृतियाँ
स्वयं-नियामक बाज़ार-समाज बनाने का उन्नीसवीं सदी का प्रयास यूटोपियाई था; उसके सामाजिक परिणामों ने बीसवीं सदी के प्रति-आंदोलनों और विपदाओं को जन्म दिया।
मत
In “The Great Transformation” Polanyi argued that markets had always existed, but that only in nineteenth-century Britain was society subordinated to a self-regulating market. Labour, land and money, which are not produced for sale, were treated as “fictitious commodities”; the resulting dislocation provoked a “double movement” of social protection – factory laws, trade unions, tariffs, central banks – and the deadlock between market and protection culminated, in his account, in the collapse of the gold standard and in fascism. With Conrad Arensberg and Harry Pearson he then studied ancient and non-European economies (“Trade and Market in the Early Empires”, 1957), distinguished reciprocity, redistribution and exchange as forms of integration and held that the economy was usually “embedded” in social relations; in Aristotle he found the first analysis of an economy beginning to disembed. This “substantivist” position opened a long debate in economic anthropology with “formalists” who applied neoclassical theory to all societies. Economic historians such as Mark Blaug (1963) disputed his account of the Speenhamland system of poor relief, and liberal economists in the tradition of Mises and Hayek rejected his claim that the free market was itself a planned creation. Since the 1980s embeddedness has been a key concept of economic sociology, and Nancy Fraser has widened the double movement into a “triple movement” that includes emancipation.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Karl Polanyi was born on 25 October 1886 in Vienna and grew up in Budapest; Michael Polanyi was his younger brother. He studied law and philosophy in Budapest, became the first president of the Galileo Circle, a student society of the progressive intelligentsia, in 1908 and took his doctorate in law at Kolozsvár in 1909. In the First World War he served as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian army. After the fall of the Hungarian revolutions he moved to Vienna in 1919, where in 1922 he took part in the debate on socialist economic calculation against Ludwig von Mises; in 1923 he married the revolutionary Ilona Duczyńska, and from 1924 he was an editor of the weekly “Der Österreichische Volkswirt”. In 1933 he emigrated to England and taught courses for the Workers’ Educational Association. From 1940 to 1943 he was at Bennington College in Vermont, where he wrote “The Great Transformation” (1944). From 1947 to 1953 he taught economic history at Columbia University in New York; because his wife was refused entry to the United States on account of her communist past, the family lived in Pickering near Toronto. He died there on 23 April 1964.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Great Transformation (1944)
- Our Obsolete Market Mentality (essay, 1947)
- Trade and Market in the Early Empires (ed. with C. Arensberg and H. Pearson, 1957)
- Aristotle Discovers the Economy (essay, 1957)
- Dahomey and the Slave Trade (posthumous, 1966)
- The Livelihood of Man (posthumous, 1977)
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