एलेन लॉक
मूल्य भावना और संस्कृति से उगते हैं, इसलिए वे अनेक हैं; कार्य उन्हें एकरूप बनाना नहीं बल्कि संस्कृतियों को बराबरी की शर्तों पर मिलने देना है – और अश्वेत अमेरिकियों को अपनी कला में स्वयं अपनी बात कहनी चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
हॉवर्ड विश्वविद्यालय के दार्शनिक और पहले अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकी रोड्स स्कॉलर: मूल्य भावना से उठते हैं और संस्कृतियों में भिन्न होते हैं, बिना मनमाने हुए; नस्ल एक सामाजिक और ऐतिहासिक तथ्य है, जैविक नहीं। उनका संकलन “द न्यू नीग्रो” (1925) हार्लेम पुनर्जागरण का घोषणापत्र बना।
मुख्य विचार
- मूल्य-बहुलवाद और सांस्कृतिक सापेक्षवाद
- नस्ल सामाजिक है, जैविक नहीं
- द न्यू नीग्रो और हार्लेम पुनर्जागरण
- अभिव्यक्ति के रूप में कला, प्रचार के रूप में नहीं
गुरु: गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
अलेक्सियस माइनॉन्ग
जिनसे प्रभावित
Locke’s theory of value, set out in his Harvard dissertation The Problem of Classification in Theory of Value (1918), drew on the Austrian value theory of Meinong, Ehrenfels and Brentano, which he had studied in Berlin in 1910–11. SEP “Alain LeRoy Locke”; A. Locke, The Problem of Classification in Theory of Value (dissertation, Harvard, 1918)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्सियस माइनॉन्ग › 1853–1920
फ़्रांत्स बोआज़
जिनसे प्रभावित
Locke drew on Boas’s critique of biological race concepts to treat race as a product of historical contact (Race Contacts and Inter-Racial Relations, lectures 1915–16, publ. 1992). A. Locke, Race Contacts and Inter-Racial Relations, ed. J. C. Stewart (lectures 1915–16; publ. 1992); SEP “Alain LeRoy Locke”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांत्स बोआज़ › 1858–1942
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Between Oxford and his Harvard doctorate, Locke studied at the University of Berlin in 1910–11 under Simmel and deepened his interest in the value theory of Meinong, Ehrenfels and Brentano. SEP “Alain LeRoy Locke”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल › 1858–1918
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
पॉलेट नार्डल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Paulette Nardal’s “The Awakening of Race Consciousness” (1932) describes a passage from imitation to race consciousness that parallels the phases in Locke’s The New Negro (1925); Locke was a visitor to the Nardal salon. P. Nardal, “L’éveil de la conscience de race chez les étudiants noirs”, La Revue du monde noir 6 (1932); T. D. Sharpley-Whiting, Negritude Women (2002)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पॉलेट नार्डल › 1896–1985
लेओपोल्ड सदर सेंघोर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Senghor echoed Locke’s The New Negro (1925) when he called the poets of his Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (1948) ‘Nègres-Nouveaux’. L. S. Senghor (ed.), Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (1948); A. Locke (ed.), The New Negro (1925); A. Mangeon, Études littéraires africaines 29 (2010)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लेओपोल्ड सदर सेंघोर › 1906–2001
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस
जिनकी आलोचना की
Against Du Bois’s ‘all Art is propaganda’ (1926), Locke held that propaganda perpetuates group inferiority even in protest; art should be expression (‘Art or Propaganda?’, 1928). A. Locke, “Art or Propaganda?”, Harlem 1 (1928); W. E. B. Du Bois, “Criteria of Negro Art”, The Crisis 32 (1926); SEP “Alain LeRoy Locke”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस › 1868–1963
ज़ोरा नील हर्स्टन जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hurston joined Locke’s Stylus club at Howard (1921) and, on his recommendation, published in Opportunity; Locke included her ‘Spunk’ in The New Negro (1925). A. Locke (ed.), The New Negro (1925); R. E. Hemenway, Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography (1977); V. S. Boyd, Wrapped in Rainbows (2003)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Locke called Their Eyes Were Watching God ‘folklore fiction at its best’ but urged a turn to ‘motive fiction and social document fiction’ (Opportunity, 1938). A. Locke, “Jingo, Counter-Jingo and Us”, Opportunity 16 (January 1938); Hurston’s reply, “The Chick with One Hen” (1938), remained unpublished
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़ोरा नील हर्स्टन › 1891–1960
कृतियाँ
हॉवर्ड विश्वविद्यालय में व्याख्यान: नस्ल जैविक तथ्य नहीं बल्कि सामाजिक संपर्क, संघर्ष और इतिहास की उपज है; केवल 1992 में प्रकाशित।
हार्लेम की कविता, कथा, निबंधों और कला का संकलन: एक पीढ़ी जो प्रतिनिधित्व किए जाने के बजाय स्वयं अपना प्रतिनिधित्व करती है।
मत
Locke’s philosophy is a theory of value. Values, he argued in his dissertation and in “Values and Imperatives” (1935), are not found in objects but arise from feeling: a feeling-quality decides whether an experience is valued in a religious, moral, aesthetic or logical mode. Each mode produces its own imperatives, and conflicts begin when a group makes its own values absolute. Against such absolutism he defended value pluralism and a cultural relativism that he thought compatible with critical judgement: cultures produce different value systems, which can be understood and compared, and reciprocity rather than uniformity should govern their relations. In Race Contacts (1916) he argued that race is not a biological category but a social one, produced by contact and conflict, while a “social race” understood as cultural heritage can be a source of self-respect. The New Negro (1925) announced a generation that would represent itself in art instead of being represented, and urged artists to draw on African art and on Black folk traditions. Against Du Bois’s view that Black art should serve as propaganda for racial advance (“Criteria of Negro Art”, 1926), Locke held in “Art or Propaganda?” (1928) that art is first of all expression. The Négritude writers in Paris, among them Senghor, took up the Harlem Renaissance and The New Negro. Critics found his aesthetic programme elitist. Since Leonard Harris’s edition The Philosophy of Alain Locke (1989) he has been read again as a philosopher in his own right.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Alain LeRoy Locke was born Arthur Locke in Philadelphia on 13 September 1885. From 1904 to 1907 he studied philosophy at Harvard with Josiah Royce, George Herbert Palmer, Hugo Münsterberg and Ralph Barton Perry and graduated magna cum laude. In 1907 he became the first African American Rhodes Scholar and went to Hertford College, Oxford; in 1910–11 he studied in Berlin, among others with Georg Simmel. From 1912 he taught at Howard University in Washington, where in 1915–16 he gave the lectures Race Contacts and Inter-Racial Relations. In 1918 Harvard awarded him a doctorate for a dissertation on the classification of values, supervised by Perry. He edited the special issue “Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro” of the magazine Survey Graphic (March 1925) and expanded it into the anthology The New Negro. Howard dismissed him in 1925 after he supported equal pay for Black and white faculty; he returned in 1928 and taught there until 1953. He helped arrange the patronage of the white collector Charlotte Osgood Mason for Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, a relationship both writers later broke off. Locke was gay and lived this discreetly. He died in New York on 9 June 1954.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Race Contacts and Inter-Racial Relations (lectures 1916, published 1992)
- The New Negro: An Interpretation (ed., 1925)
- “Art or Propaganda?” (1928)
- “Values and Imperatives” (1935)
- The Negro and His Music (1936)
- When Peoples Meet (ed. with Bernhard J. Stern, 1942)
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