العون المتبادل: أحد عوامل التطور

مقدمة

Kropotkin wrote the chapters as articles for the London monthly The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, in response to Thomas Huxley’s essay “The Struggle for Existence” (1888), which had compared nature to a gladiators’ show. Drawing on his observations as a young officer and geographer in Siberia, he argues that the species that cooperate best tend to survive, then traces mutual aid among humans from tribal societies through the medieval city with its guilds to modern trade unions, cooperatives and village communes. He presents his work as completing Darwin rather than rejecting him. The book appeared in 1902 and is still cited both in the anarchist tradition and in discussions of the evolution of cooperation.

اقرأ النص الكامل

• Wikisource (الإنجليزية)
• Wikisource (الفرنسية)
• Wikisource (البولندية)
• Project Gutenberg

نص كامل مجاني، وغالبًا طبعة أو ترجمة أقدم

الصلات

يستند إلى

• أصل الأنواع1859 · تشارلز داروين

جرى تناوله في

• دروب في اليوتوبيا (Paths in Utopia)1946 · مارتن بوبر

مزيد من أعمال بيوتر كروبوتكين

• 1892الاستيلاء على الخبز