阿卜杜勒卡里姆·索鲁什

作品

• 1990教法的理论收缩与扩张

  1988—1990年首次发表的论文：宗教不等同于人对它的理解，而这种理解随哲学、科学和每个时代的问题而变化。

• 1999先知经验的扩展

  启示被理解为一种随着先知的生平与其社群而成长的先知经验，因此可以把它的历史形式与其核心区分开来。

立场

Soroush distinguishes between religion itself and human knowledge of religion. Religion, as revelation, does not change; but our understanding of it is a human, fallible and historical form of knowledge that stands in exchange with all other knowledge – philosophy, science, the questions of each age – and therefore contracts and expands with it. From this it follows that no interpretation can claim final authority and that the clergy has no monopoly on understanding Islam. In “Sturdier than Ideology” (1994) he criticised the turning of religion into a political ideology, as in the work of Ali Shariati: an ideology is a rigid weapon for struggle, while religion is richer and must remain open. He argued for a “religious democratic government” in which faith is freely held and human rights and justice are understood as having a basis outside religion. In “The Expansion of Prophetic Experience” (1999) and in later interviews he described revelation as the prophetic experience of Muhammad, shaped by his person and his historical world, a view that led to sharp responses from leading clerics. His thought is marked by Popper’s fallibilism and by the mystical poetry of Rumi, whose Masnavi he edited.

生平与背景

Abdolkarim Soroush, born Hossein Haj Faraj Dabbagh on 16 December 1945 in Tehran, studied pharmacy at the University of Tehran. In 1973 he went to London, where he studied analytical chemistry and then the history and philosophy of science at Chelsea College, and was active among Muslim Iranian students. He returned to Iran after the revolution of 1979 and taught at the Teacher Training University in Tehran. In 1980 Ayatollah Khomeini appointed him to the Cultural Revolution Headquarters, which closed the universities and reorganised them along Islamic lines; the extent of his responsibility for the purges of that period is disputed. From 1988 to 1990 his essays on the “contraction and expansion” of religious knowledge appeared in the journal Keyhan-e Farhangi and made him the leading figure of Iranian religious reform thought. In the 1990s his lectures were disrupted by vigilante groups and he lost his academic positions. Since 2000 he has lived and taught mostly abroad, among other places at Harvard, Yale and Princeton.

其他主要作品

• The Restless Nature of the World (Nahād-e nā-ārām-e jahān, 1978)
• The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of the Shariʿa (1990)
• Sturdier than Ideology (Farbeh-tar az ideolozhi, 1994)
• Straight Paths (Serāthā-ye mostaqim, 1998)
• The Expansion of Prophetic Experience (1999)
• Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam (2000)