Agora思想的公共广场

约翰·加尔通

1930–2024

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在加尔通看来，和平不只是没有战争，也是没有结构暴力——即内嵌于不平等社会结构中的、可以避免的伤害，从饥饿到缺乏医疗；和平研究应像医学一样诊断、预测和治疗，冲突应以和平方式加以转化。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 北欧 · 政治与法, 社会与历史, 伦理学

挪威社会学家和数学家，参与把和平研究创建为一门学科：和平不只是没有战争；“结构暴力”指不公正的社会结构所造成的伤害，它在没有可见施害者的情况下缩短人的生命。

核心思想

  • 消极和平与积极和平
  • 结构暴力
  • 文化暴力
  • 冲突转化

在星图中打开

影响

受影响于 2

  • 莫罕达斯·甘地

    受其影响

    With Næss, Galtung reconstructed Gandhi’s norms of nonviolent struggle (Gandhis politiske etikk, 1955) and built on them his peace research (Peace by Peaceful Means, 1996). A. Næss and J. Galtung, Gandhis politiske etikk (1955); J. Galtung, Peace by Peaceful Means (1996)

    依据: AI 草稿

    莫罕达斯·甘地 › 1869–1948

  • 阿恩·奈斯

    受其影响

    Working with Næss, Galtung systematised Gandhi’s ethics of conflict into norms and hypotheses following Næss’s analytic method (Gandhis politiske etikk, 1955). A. Næss and J. Galtung, Gandhis politiske etikk (1955); A. Næss, Gandhi and Group Conflict (1974)

    依据: AI 草稿

    阿恩·奈斯 › 1912–2009

作品

  • 1969暴力、和平与和平研究

    发表于《和平研究杂志》的论文：凡是人们被阻碍实现其潜能之处就存在暴力；除了个人暴力，还有内嵌于不平等社会结构中的结构暴力，因此和平意味着二者的消除。

  • 1996以和平手段实现和平

    他的和平理论总结：补充了“文化暴力”——使直接暴力和结构暴力显得正当的观念——并提出以创造性的、非暴力的方式转化冲突的途径。

立场

Galtung is on the map as one of the founders of peace research as an academic discipline. His article of 1969 defined violence as the cause of the difference between what people could be and what they are: besides personal or direct violence there is structural violence, built into unequal social structures, which shortens lives through hunger, poverty or lack of medical care without an identifiable perpetrator. Correspondingly, “negative peace” is the absence of direct violence, “positive peace” the absence of structural violence and the presence of cooperation and justice. In 1990 he added “cultural violence”: ideas, from religion to ideology and science, that make the other forms of violence appear legitimate. Peace research should proceed like medicine, through diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, and conflicts should be transformed by creative and nonviolent means – a programme that drew on Gandhi, whose political ethics he had reconstructed with Arne Næss. He also described imperialism as a structural relation between centres and peripheries (1971). His concepts became standard in peace and development studies and well beyond. Statements he made in 2011–12 drew wide criticism for antisemitic stereotypes; they are set out under “Context & critique”.

生平与背景

Johan Galtung was born on 24 October 1930 in Oslo. He took degrees in mathematics and sociology at the University of Oslo. As a conscientious objector he refused a civilian service that was longer than military service and spent six months in prison in 1954, where he worked on Gandhi’s political ethics. In 1959 he was among the founders of the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), where he worked until 1969, and in 1964 he founded the Journal of Peace Research; from 1969 to 1977 he held a chair of conflict and peace research at the University of Oslo. He later taught at many universities around the world and in 1993 founded TRANSCEND, a network for conflict mediation and peace work. He received the Right Livelihood Award in 1987. He died on 17 February 2024.

其他主要作品

  • Gandhis politiske etikk (with A. Næss, 1955)
  • Violence, Peace, and Peace Research (Journal of Peace Research 6, 1969)
  • A Structural Theory of Imperialism (Journal of Peace Research 8, 1971)
  • Cultural Violence (Journal of Peace Research 27, 1990)
  • Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (1996)

出现在

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

截至 2026年11月 · 来源 · 改进本页 · Agora 是如何制作的

在星图中打开