हान फ़ेइज़ी
शासक इस पर भरोसा नहीं कर सकते कि लोग अच्छे होंगे; केवल स्पष्ट क़ानून, दृढ़ सत्ता और कुशल नियंत्रण ही राज्य को व्यवस्था में रखते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
विधिवाद: क़ानून, पद की शक्ति और तकनीक द्वारा शासन।
मुख्य विचार
- फा (क़ानून)
- शी (शक्ति)
- शू (तकनीक)
गुरु: श्युनज़ी
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
लाओ-त्सू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Two chapters of the Han Feizi, ‘Explaining Laozi’ and ‘Illustrating Laozi’, read the Laozi’s Way and non-action as the ruler’s art of impersonal control; their authorship is debated. Han Feizi, “Jie Lao”, “Yu Lao”; SEP “Legalism in Chinese Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लाओ-त्सू › किंवदंतियों से जुड़ा व्यक्तित्व
श्युनज़ी जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा बाद की परंपरा ✓
Known only from later tradition: Sima Qian’s Shiji 63 (c. 90 BCE) has Han Fei study under Xunzi together with Li Si; the Han Feizi itself never names Xunzi as his teacher. Sima Qian, Shiji 63; SEP “Han Fei”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
श्युनज़ी › लगभग 310–235 ईसा पूर्व
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
वांग चोंग
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In ‘Against Han Fei’ Wang Chong objected that Han Feizi’s reliance on law and punishment overlooks that states are sustained by virtue and by cultivated people (Lunheng 29). Wang Chong, Lunheng, ch. 29 ‘Fei Han’, tr. A. Forke, Lun-hêng, 1907–11
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वांग चोंग › लगभग 27–100
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
कन्फ्यूशियस
जिनकी आलोचना की
Han Feizi counted Confucian scholars among the ‘five vermin’ of the state, arguing that rule by benevolence fails where laws, rewards and punishments are needed (Han Feizi 49–50). Han Feizi, ch. 49 ‘Wudu’, ch. 50 ‘Xianxue’; SEP “Legalism in Chinese Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कन्फ्यूशियस › परंपरागत रूप से 551–479 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 235 ईसा पूर्वहान फ़ेइज़ी
विधिवादी राजनीति-कौशल की पुस्तिका – लाओ-त्सू पर टीकाओं सहित।
मत
Han Feizi is the most important theorist of Chinese Legalism. Building on Xunzi’s view that humans are self-interested, he argued that a state cannot be ruled by virtue or example but only by clear, publicly known laws (fa), backed by consistent rewards and punishments. The ruler must also master techniques (shu) for controlling his officials and maintain his positional power (shi), keeping his own intentions hidden. Tradition should not bind policy, since times change. His ideas helped Qin unify China in 221 BCE and, though officially condemned, continued to shape imperial administration.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Han Fei was a prince of the ruling house of the small state of Han and studied with Xunzi. He reportedly had a stammer and therefore set out his ideas in writing. His essays impressed the king of Qin, the future First Emperor, but on a mission to Qin he was imprisoned through the intrigues of his former fellow student Li Si and died by poison in 233 BCE.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Han Feizi (c. 3rd century BCE)
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