رامانوجا
العالم والنفوس الفردية حقيقيان، لكنهما ملك لله كما يخص الجسدُ نفسَه – والتفاني المحب يقود إليه.
التموضع
الفيشيشتادفايتا: اللاثنائية المقيَّدة – العالم والنفوس حقيقيان بوصفهما «جسد الإله».
الأفكار الرئيسة
- اللاثنائية المقيَّدة
- البهاكتي (التعبّد)
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
ياجنافالكيا
تأثّر بـ
Ramanuja based his view of the world and selves as the body of God on Yajnavalkya’s teaching of the inner controller (antaryamin) in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Ramanuja, Vedarthasangraha; Sribhashya; J. B. Carman, The Theology of Ramanuja (1974); J. J. Lipner, The Face of Truth (1986)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ياجنافالكيا › تقليديًا نحو 800–720 ق.م
النقد
ينتقد 1
آدي شانكارا
انتقد
Ramanuja raised seven objections against Shankara’s doctrine of ignorance (avidya), holding that Brahman has real qualities and the world is its body (Shribhashya I.1.1). Rāmānuja, Śrībhāṣya I.1.1; J. B. Carman, The Theology of Rāmānuja, 1974
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آدي شانكارا › نحو 700–750 · يُؤرَّخ عرفًا 788–820
الأعمال
- نحو 1100شري بهاشيا
شرح مضاد لشرح شانكارا: العالم ليس وهمًا.
الموقف
Ramanuja developed Vishishtadvaita, “qualified non-dualism”, in direct opposition to Shankara. Brahman is one, but not featureless: it is a personal God, Vishnu, endowed with infinite good qualities. Souls and the material world are real, not illusory; they relate to God as the body relates to the soul – distinct, yet wholly dependent on him and pervaded by him. Liberation does not mean dissolving into an impersonal absolute but eternal loving communion with God, attained through devotion (bhakti) and surrender to divine grace. His theology shaped Hindu devotional movements and gave personal faith a philosophical home.
الحياة والسياق
Ramanuja was born at Sriperumbudur near present-day Chennai and worked for long periods in the temple town of Srirangam in Tamil Nadu. As head of the Sri Vaishnava community he united philosophical Vedanta with the devotional tradition of the Tamil Alvar saints. Tradition dates his life 1017–1137, an exceptionally long 120 years; many scholars now place him about sixty years later, c. 1077–1157.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Vedarthasamgraha (c. 1100)
- Shri Bhashya (commentary on the Brahma Sutras, c. 1100)
- Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita (c. 1100)
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