إسحاق الإسرائيلي

الأعمال

• نحو 920كتاب الحدود والرسوم

  مجموعة تعريفات لمصطلحات فلسفية – الفلسفة والحكمة والعقل والنفس والطبيعة والنظر العقلي والحب – مستمدة في معظمها من رسالة الكندي في الحدود؛ بقي أكثره في ترجمتين لاتينية وعبرية، واقتبس منه مؤلفون سكولائيون، منهم توما الأكويني.

• نحو 920كتاب الأسطقسات

  رسالة في العناصر الأربعة على تقليد أرسطو وجالينوس، محفوظة بالعبرية واللاتينية؛ وحكم عليها ابن ميمون، مع «كتاب الحدود»، بأنها بلا قيمة فلسفية لأن مؤلفها لم يكن إلا طبيبًا.

الموقف

Isaac Israeli is on the map as the first Jewish Neoplatonist of the Middle Ages and as an early witness to the spread of al-Kindi’s philosophy across the Mediterranean. His Book of Definitions collects definitions of philosophy, wisdom, intellect, soul, nature and other terms, many of them taken from al-Kindi’s treatise on definitions; philosophy is defined, among other ways, as becoming like the works of the Creator as far as humanly possible, and as knowledge of oneself. In the Book of Substances and the Book on Spirit and Soul he describes the world as created by God’s will and power: first come first matter and first form, which together make up wisdom or intellect; from them follow, by emanation, the rational, animal and vegetative souls and the sphere, each lower stage arising as a “shadow” of the higher – a point at which he departs from al-Kindi. The human soul can rise through purification and knowledge to the light of wisdom and unite with it, which he describes as its true reward. In the Book of Elements he discussed the four elements in dialogue with Aristotle and Galen. Jewish authors in Spain and Provence read his works, and in Latin they were quoted by Gundissalinus, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure and others; Thomas’s attribution to him of the definition of truth as the adequation of thing and intellect is, however, a mistake. Maimonides, writing to his translator Samuel ibn Tibbon in 1199, dismissed the Book of Definitions and the Book of Elements as idle fancies, since Isaac had been “only a physician”. Modern study of his thought rests largely on the edition and commentary of Alexander Altmann and Samuel Stern (1958).

الحياة والسياق

Isaac ben Solomon Israeli was born in Egypt around 855; little is known of his early life. He became known as a physician and moved to Kairouan in Ifriqiya, in present-day Tunisia, where he served the last Aghlabid emir and then, from 909, the first Fatimid caliph, ʿUbayd Allah al-Mahdi. Later reports say that he never married and lived to a great age; the date of his death is uncertain, and modern scholars place it around 955, while Wikidata gives 932. He wrote in Arabic on medicine – on fevers, foods and urine – and on philosophy. Constantine the African translated his medical works into Latin in the eleventh century, and they were taught at Salerno and at European universities; his philosophical treatises reached Latin and Hebrew readers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The physician Dunash ibn Tamim is named as his student in Kairouan.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

• Book of Definitions (Kitāb al-ḥudūd wa-l-rusūm; Latin Liber de definicionibus)
• Book of Substances (Kitāb al-jawāhir, fragments)
• Book on Spirit and Soul
• Book of Elements (Kitāb al-usṭuquṣṣāt; Latin De elementis)
• Medical works on fevers, foods and urine (Latin translations by Constantine the African)