جلال الدين الدواني

الأعمال

• نحو 1475الأخلاق الجلالية (لوامع الإشراق في مكارم الأخلاق)

  كتاب فارسي في الحكمة العملية كُتب لبلاط الآق قويونلو: الأخلاق وتدبير المنزل وتدبير المدينة على مثال «الأخلاق الناصرية» للطوسي، مع مادة قرآنية وصوفية أكثر؛ وقُرئ كثيرًا في إيران والهند والدولة العثمانية.

• نحو 1480شواكل الحور في شرح هياكل النور

  شرح على رسالة السهروردي القصيرة «هياكل النور»: البدن والنفس، وواجب الوجود ومراتب الأنوار، والنبوة ومعاد النفس، بقراءة في ضوء فلسفة ابن سينا؛ وردّ عليه غياث الدين الدشتكي بشرح مضاد.

الموقف

Al-Dawani is on the map as a leading philosopher of the school of Shiraz, which in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries kept philosophy, theology and Illuminationism in close conversation. Much of his thought took shape in a long rivalry with Sadr al-Din Dashtaki, carried on in letters and in competing glosses on ʿAli al-Qushji’s commentary on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s Abstract of Theology (Tajrīd al-iʿtiqād). One subject was the Liar paradox, to which both wrote separate treatises: al-Dawani argued that “What I am saying now is false” is not a statement at all, because it does not imitate any relation in reality. In metaphysics he held that existence in the strict sense is God alone, while everything else is “existent” by its relation to that existence – a view that Dashtaki accused of mixing philosophy and Sufism; later literature calls it the “taste of deification” (dhawq al-taʾalluh), and Mulla Sadra took it up in an early work before moving beyond it. Whether al-Dawani was simply an ontological monist is disputed. His commentary on Suhrawardi’s Temples of Light read the Illuminationist hierarchy of lights through Ibn Sina, and Ghiyath al-Din Dashtaki answered it with a counter-commentary. His Jalalian Ethics (Akhlāq-i Jalālī) reworked al-Tusi’s Nasirean Ethics – ethics, household and state – with more Qur’anic and Sufi material and became a model for later Persian and Ottoman works, including Kınalızade’s Ethics of Ali. His commentary on al-Iji’s ʿAdudi Creed remained in use for centuries; the young Muhammad Abduh wrote a supercommentary on it in 1876.

الحياة والسياق

Jalal al-Din Muhammad ibn Asʿad al-Dawani was born in 1426 or 1427 in Davan near Kazerun in Fars, the son of a judge. He studied with his father and then in Shiraz, where his first work, a commentary on al-Baydawi’s Qur’an commentary, is dated 1449. In the 1460s he briefly served as head of religious affairs for the Qara Qoyunlu governor of Fars and accompanied Jahan Shah on the campaign against Uzun Hasan, which ended in Jahan Shah’s defeat in 1467. He soon entered the service of the victorious Aq Qoyunlu and became chief judge of Fars under Yaʿqub Beg. He dedicated works to the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II and to rulers in India and grew rich from their gifts, but in 1498 or 1499 his property was confiscated. He spent his last years in small towns south of Shiraz and died in 1502; he was buried in Davan.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

• Jalalian Ethics (Akhlāq-i Jalālī, also Lawāmiʿ al-ishrāq fī makārim al-akhlāq)
• Shapes of the Houris: Commentary on Suhrawardi’s Temples of Light (Shawākil al-ḥūr)
• Old and New Glosses on al-Qushji’s commentary on al-Tusi’s Tajrīd al-iʿtiqād
• Commentary on al-Iji’s ʿAdudi Creed (Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid al-ʿAḍudiyya)
• Treatise on the paradox of the irrational root (the Liar paradox)