Will-o'-the-wisp – on the map because of their influence as an ideologue of racism, as an object of critique.
هيوستن ستيوارت تشامبرلين
يرى تشامبرلين أنّ التاريخ الأوروبي كان صراعًا بين الشعوب «الجرمانية» واليهود – وهو بناء معادٍ للسامية مهّد للأيديولوجيا الاشتراكية القومية (النازية).
التموضع
كاتب بريطاني المولد في فيينا وبايرويت، صهر ريتشارد فاغنر، نشر كتابه «أسس القرن التاسع عشر» (1899) نظرةً عرقية معادية للسامية إلى التاريخ بين المثقفين الألمان؛ ورحّب بهتلر عام 1923؛ وهو على الخريطة موضوع نقد.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- معاداة السامية العرقية فلسفةً للتاريخ (مدحوضة)
- الشعوب «الجرمانية» في مقابل اليهود (بناء أيديولوجي)
- دائرة بايرويت
- سلف للأيديولوجيا الاشتراكية القومية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
آرثر دو غوبينو
تأثّر بـ
Chamberlain took up Gobineau’s racial doctrine in Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) but rejected his pessimism about racial mixing; scholarship treats both as pseudoscientific race ideology. H. S. Chamberlain, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (1899); G. G. Field, Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1981)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آرثر دو غوبينو › 1816–1882
النقد
انتقده 1
جورج لوكاش
انتقده
Lukács placed Chamberlain’s Foundations of the Nineteenth Century in the line of racial theory from Gobineau to fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII (“Der Sozialdarwinismus, die Rassentheorie und der Faschismus”)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج لوكاش › 1885–1971
الأعمال
عرض شامل لتاريخ أوروبا بوصفه صراعًا بين الشعوب «الجرمانية» واليهود؛ كتاب رائج بين المثقفين ومصدر للأيديولوجيا الاشتراكية القومية.
الموقف
Chamberlain is on the map as an ideologue, because research on antisemitism and National Socialism treats him as one of its most effective forerunners. The Foundations presented European history as a struggle between “Germanic” peoples, as bearers of culture, and Jews, described as a racially foreign and destructive force; Christianity was reinterpreted to make Jesus a non-Jew. Chamberlain combined borrowings from Gobineau, Darwinian vocabulary and an idealist philosophy of culture, and claimed Kant and Goethe for his view – claims that the scholarship on both rejects. The book’s success among the educated public and its use by Alfred Rosenberg, whose “Myth of the Twentieth Century” (1930) continued it, made it a link between the völkisch movement of the Empire and National Socialism. Geoffrey G. Field’s biography “Evangelist of Race” (1981) traces this path; Georg Lukács (1954) placed him in the line from Gobineau to fascism.
الحياة والسياق
Houston Stewart Chamberlain was born on 9 September 1855 in Southsea near Portsmouth, the son of a British naval officer. He grew up mainly in France with relatives, attended Cheltenham College and studied natural sciences in Geneva. Through his enthusiasm for Richard Wagner he moved to Germany and Austria: he lived in Dresden from 1885 and in Vienna from 1889, wrote on Wagner and in 1899 published “The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century”, which went through many editions and was promoted by Emperor Wilhelm II. Books on Kant (1905) and Goethe (1912) followed. In 1908 he married Wagner’s daughter Eva and settled in Bayreuth. During the First World War he wrote anti-British propaganda and became a German citizen in 1916. In September 1923 he met Adolf Hitler in Bayreuth and soon afterwards wrote to him that his appearance proved Germany was still alive. Paralysed in his last years, he died in Bayreuth on 9 January 1927; Hitler attended the funeral.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Richard Wagner (1895)
- The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1899)
- Immanuel Kant (1905)
- Goethe (1912)
- War Essays (Kriegsaufsätze, 1914–15)
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora