唐君毅

作品

• 1953中国文化之精神价值

  写于香港流亡期间：中国文化建立在一种人文精神之上，天与人、道德与自然并不分离；科学与民主可以从中生长出来。

• 1958为中国文化敬告世界人士宣言

  由唐君毅起草，与牟宗三、徐复观、张君劢联署：中国文化不是汉学研究的死物，而是一个以心性之学为核心的活的传统；它应当吸纳科学与民主。

• 1977生命存在与心灵境界

  他最后的主要著作：心灵在九种境界中关联于个体事物、类、因果、自我、理想意义、道德，最终关联于超越者——从佛教的空、基督教的神，到儒家的天德合一。

立场

Tang Junyi started from the moral self: in “The Establishment of the Moral Self” (1944) and later works he argued that every form of culture – science, art, religion, politics – expresses a moral reason that transcends the individual and connects people with one another. Chinese culture, in his view, had developed this humanist spirit most fully, because it did not separate heaven and humanity, nature and morality; its weakness was that it had not developed science and democracy, which it could and should take up. After 1949 he saw Chinese culture as scattered like blossoms and fruit that have dropped to the ground and called on the diaspora to replant its roots. His late system, “Life, Existence and the Horizons of Mind” (1977), describes nine horizons in three groups: horizons of objects (individual things, kinds, causes and purposes), horizons of the subject (mutual sensation, contemplation of ideal meanings, moral practice) and horizons beyond subject and object – the one God of Christianity, the emptiness of self and dharmas in Buddhism, and the Confucian flowing of heavenly virtue. The order recalls Hegel’s Phenomenology, but Tang understood the horizons as mutually responsive rather than as stages that are simply overcome. With Mou Zongsan he is regarded as a central figure of the second generation of New Confucianism.

生平与背景

Tang Junyi was born on 17 January 1909 in Yibin, Sichuan, the son of a scholar and teacher. He studied in Beijing, where he heard Liang Shuming and Xiong Shili, and then at the National Central University in Nanjing, where he graduated in philosophy in 1932. He taught in Sichuan and at Central University, where he became professor and head of the philosophy department during the war years. In 1949 he moved to Hong Kong and, with the historian Qian Mu and others, founded New Asia College, which in 1963 became part of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. There Tang taught philosophy and built up the department. In 1958 he drafted the “Manifesto on Chinese Culture to the World”, which he published together with Mou Zongsan, Xu Fuguan and Zhang Junmai. In the 1960s he wrote a six-volume study of the basic concepts of Chinese philosophy. In 1974 he left the university after disputes over its reorganisation and continued teaching at the New Asia Research Institute. He completed his last great work while ill with lung cancer and died in Hong Kong on 2 February 1978.

其他主要作品

• The Establishment of the Moral Self (Daode ziwo zhi jianli, 1944)
• The Spiritual Value of Chinese Culture (1953)
• The Reconstruction of the Humanist Spirit (Renwen jingshen zhi chongjian, 1955)
• Cultural Consciousness and Moral Reason (Wenhua yishi yu daode lixing, 1958)
• Manifesto on Chinese Culture to the World (with Mou Zongsan, Xu Fuguan and Zhang Junmai, 1958)
• Fundamental Treatises on Chinese Philosophy (Zhongguo zhexue yuanlun, 1966–75)
• Life, Existence and the Horizons of Mind (1977)