泰阿亚克·阿尔弗雷德

作品

• 1999和平、力量、正义：一份原住民宣言

  本书以豪德诺索尼人的《和平大法》为依据，批评那些接受国家“自治”议程的原住民领导人，拒绝把国家主权当作目标，并呼吁建立一种以协商一致和非强制权威等传统价值为基础的领导。

• 2005瓦萨塞：原住民的行动与自由之路

  本书以卡尼恩克哈卡人的一种战舞命名，呼吁一种非暴力却不妥协的“战士伦理”和一场从个人与社群开始的精神革命，并拒绝把原住民并入国家的“原住民主义”（Aboriginalism），主张一种“无政府—原住民主义”的政治。

立场

Alfred is on the map as the thinker who gave Indigenous resurgence its name and programme. “Peace, Power, Righteousness” (1999), drawing on the teachings of the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace, argued that self-government negotiated on the state’s terms had produced Indigenous leaders and “citizens” whose rights and identities were defined more by the colonial state and its law than by the traditions of their nations. The aim should instead be to protect values that, in Alfred’s view, resist the homogenizing pressure of Western liberalism and free-market capitalism: the autonomy of individual conscience, non-coercive authority and the interconnection of human beings with the rest of creation; state sovereignty, a European idea of power, appears in the book as the wrong goal. “Wasáse” (2005) turned the critique into a call for action – a non-violent but uncompromising “warrior ethic”, a spiritual revolution beginning in individuals and communities, and an “anarcho-indigenist” politics against the integrationist ideology Alfred calls “Aboriginalism”. In an article with the Cherokee scholar Jeff Corntassel (2005), Alfred described resurgence as the restoration of Indigenous presence on the land and the revival of land-based practices. Glen Coulthard, in “Red Skin, White Masks” (2014), for which Alfred wrote the foreword, and Leanne Betasamosake Simpson built on this work; the Anishinaabe philosopher Dale Turner objected that turning away from state institutions leaves the definition of Indigenous rights to others (see “Context & critique”).

生平与背景

Taiaiake Alfred was born in Montreal in 1964 (one biographical note gives 1965) and grew up in Kahnawà:ke, the Kanienʼkehá:ka (Mohawk) community on the south shore of the St. Lawrence; Alfred’s own biographical statement speaks of a Mohawk philosopher, writer and political strategist from Kahnawà:ke. After three years in the United States Marine Corps, Alfred studied history at Concordia University in Montreal and took a master’s degree and a doctorate in government at Cornell University. Alfred taught political science at Concordia, founded the Centre for Native Education there, and from 1999 to 2015 was founding director of the Indigenous Governance Program at the University of Victoria, described as the first graduate programme of its kind; from 2003 to 2007 Alfred held a Canada Research Chair. Since 1987 Alfred has also advised the government of Kahnawà:ke and other Indigenous communities. Alfred received a National Aboriginal Achievement Award for education in 2006. In March 2019 Alfred left the University of Victoria and, according to Alfred’s own statement, academia, to work with Indigenous communities; in that statement Alfred acknowledged having done harm to people.

其他主要作品

• Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism (1995)
• Peace, Power, Righteousness: An Indigenous Manifesto (1999; 2nd ed. 2009)
• Being Indigenous: Resurgences against Contemporary Colonialism (with J. Corntassel, Government and Opposition 40, 2005)
• Wasáse: Indigenous Pathways of Action and Freedom (2005)
• It’s All about the Land: Collected Talks and Interviews on Indigenous Resurgence (2023)