伊本·哈兹姆

作品

• 约1022年鸽子的项圈

  写于哈蒂瓦、以科尔多瓦的诗歌和经历为例证的爱情论著：爱的征兆、成因和种类，从初见到忠贞、离别与死亡，最后以对贞洁的赞颂作结；它是安达卢斯文学中最著名的作品之一。

• 约1025年逼近逻辑之界

  亚里士多德逻辑的入门，用法学和神学中的例子取代通常的例子：逻辑对一切科学都有用，包括宗教科学。

• 约1040年宗教、异端与教派分辨之书

  对哲学和宗教立场的考察与驳斥——怀疑论者、主张世界永恒者、二元论者、犹太人和基督徒（伊本·哈兹姆批判地考察其经典），以及穆斯林诸学派，包括艾什尔里派；他依据理性和启示的显义进行论证。

立场

Ibn Hazm is on the map as the systematic thinker of the Zahiri school, which holds that law and doctrine must be taken from the apparent (ẓāhir) meaning of the Qur’an and of sound hadith, and as one of the most wide-ranging authors of al-Andalus. He rejected analogical reasoning (qiyās), juristic discretion and the uncritical following of authorities (taqlīd): what revelation neither commands nor forbids is permitted, and human reason may not invent causes for God’s commands. Yet he gave reason and sense perception a firm place as sources of certain knowledge beside revelation, and in the “Approach to the Limits of Logic” he defended Aristotle’s logic, with examples from law and grammar, as a tool for every science. The Book of Distinctions surveys the philosophers, sceptics, dualists, Jews, Christians and the Muslim schools and disputes them in turn; its detailed critique of the Bible, which he held to be corrupted, made it a source for Christian–Muslim polemics in later centuries. Against the Ashʿarites he argued, among other points, that faith comprises deeds and words and not only inner assent. “The Ring of the Dove” analyses love – its signs, causes and kinds – with poems and stories from his own life in Cordoba, and in the short “Character and Conduct” he observed, in the manner of a moral notebook, that all human striving aims at dispelling anxiety. Ibn Taymiyya criticised his Ranks of Consensus; Ibn Arabi studied his works with ʿAbd al-Haqq al-Ishbili, a scholar of his tradition, and described a vision in which the Prophet embraced him. Ignaz Goldziher’s study of the Zahiris (1884) and translations of the Ring of the Dove made him widely known in Europe.

生平与背景

Abu Muhammad ʿAli ibn Ahmad ibn Saʿid ibn Hazm was born in Cordoba on 7 November 994, the son of a vizier of the ʿAmirid regents of the Umayyad caliphate. He grew up in the palace quarter among the women of the household, who, as he later wrote, taught him the Qur’an, poetry and writing. The civil war (fitna) that broke up the caliphate from 1009 destroyed his family’s position: he went into exile, was imprisoned several times and served briefly as vizier to Umayyad claimants in the 1020s. He then withdrew from politics to scholarship; first a Maliki and then a Shafiʿi, he became the leading representative of the Zahiri school. His polemics made him enemies among the Maliki jurists, and in Seville his books were publicly burned. He spent his last years on the family estate at Manta Lisham near Niebla, where he died on 15 August 1064; his son reported that he left some four hundred works.

其他主要作品

• The Ring of the Dove (Ṭawq al-ḥamāma, c. 1022)
• Approach to the Limits of Logic (al-Taqrīb li-ḥadd al-manṭiq)
• The Book of Distinctions in Religions, Heresies and Sects (al-Fiṣal fī l-milal wa-l-ahwāʾ wa-l-niḥal)
• The Adorned (al-Muḥallā), on law
• Judgement on the Principles of Law (al-Iḥkām fī uṣūl al-aḥkām)
• Character and Conduct (al-Akhlāq wa-l-siyar)
• Ranks of Consensus (Marātib al-ijmāʿ)