أولريش بيك
تنتج المجتمعات الحديثة اليوم أخطارًا كالتلوث والحوادث النووية لا تعرف حدودًا، وعليها أن تتعلّم التعامل مع الآثار الجانبية لنجاحها نفسه.
التموضع
ظهر كتابه «مجتمع المخاطرة» (Risikogesellschaft) في عام تشيرنوبل: لم تعد المجتمعات الحديثة توزّع الثروة وحدها بل أيضًا مخاطر من صنعها – وعليها أن تتجه انعكاسيًا إلى أسسها.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مجتمع المخاطرة
- التحديث الانعكاسي
- الأفرَدة
- الكوسموبوليتانية في مقابل القومية المنهجية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ
Beck set the risk society against Marx’s class society: where industrial modernity distributed wealth, reflexive modernity also distributes risks, and individualisation yields a ‘capitalism without classes’ (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne (1986); “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?” (1983)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
جورج سيمل
تأثّر بـ
Commentators trace Beck’s individualisation thesis to Simmel’s individuality arising from intersecting social circles; Beck diagnosed a new surge of it in post-war West Germany (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft (1986); G. Simmel, Über sociale Differenzierung (1890); Soziologie (1908), “Die Kreuzung sozialer Kreise”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج سيمل › 1858–1918
ماكس فيبر
تأثّر بـ
Beck turned Weber’s terms status group and class on current inequality, arguing that individualisation leaves it ‘beyond status and class’ (‘Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?’, 1983). U. Beck, “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?”, in R. Kreckel (ed.), Soziale Ungleichheiten (1983); Risikogesellschaft (1986)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماكس فيبر › 1864–1920
الأعمال
نُشر في سنة تشيرنوبل: تُنتج الحداثة الصناعية مخاطر لم تعد قادرة على احتوائها، وتنضم إلى الصراعات على توزيع الخيرات صراعاتٌ على توزيع الأخطار.
الموقف
Beck’s thesis was that industrial modernity is being transformed by its own success. Classical industrial society argued about how to distribute wealth; the “risk society” must also distribute the dangers it produces itself – radiation, toxins, climate change, financial crashes. Such risks are often invisible, depend on scientific knowledge to be perceived at all, and cross the boundaries of class and nation: “Poverty is hierarchic, smog is democratic.” Because science and industry produce the very risks they are asked to control, modernity becomes “reflexive”: it is confronted with itself, and its institutions lose their unquestioned authority. At the same time Beck diagnosed a new wave of individualisation. Class, family and fixed gender roles lose their binding force, and people must assemble their own biographies – a freedom that brings new dependence on labour markets and welfare states, and whose consequences for intimate life he and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim explored in The Normal Chaos of Love (1990). In his later work Beck criticised the “methodological nationalism” of the social sciences, which treat nation-states as the natural containers of society, and argued for a cosmopolitan outlook suited to a world of global risks.
الحياة والسياق
Ulrich Beck was born in 1944 in Stolp in Pomerania (now Słupsk in Poland) and grew up in Hanover. He first studied law in Freiburg, then sociology, philosophy, psychology and political science in Munich, where he took his doctorate in 1972 and his habilitation in 1979. He was professor of sociology in Münster (1979–81) and Bamberg (1981–92) and from 1992 at the University of Munich, and he also taught at the London School of Economics. Risikogesellschaft, published in 1986 a few months after the Chernobyl disaster, made him known far beyond academia. A committed European and public intellectual, he intervened in debates on globalisation, ecology and the euro crisis. He died unexpectedly in Munich on 1 January 2015.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Risk Society (1986)
- The Normal Chaos of Love (with Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, 1990)
- Reflexive Modernization (with Anthony Giddens and Scott Lash, 1994)
- What Is Globalization? (1997)
- World at Risk (2007)
- The Metamorphosis of the World (posthumous, 2016)
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