萨迪克·贾拉勒·阿兹姆

作品

• 1969宗教思想批判

  在贝鲁特出版的论文集，主张被用来解释1967年战败的宗教思想无法与当时的科学知识调和；其中最著名的一篇把易卜劣斯拒绝向阿丹下拜解读为对真主忠诚的悲剧。阿兹姆因煽动宗教纷争受审并被判无罪。

• 1981东方学与反向的东方学

  载于《五月》（Khamsin）杂志的论文：爱德华·萨义德正确地揭露了东方学是一种统治的风格，但他把它追溯到荷马，使它像他所批判的本质一样超越时间；那些以主张一种不变的伊斯兰或阿拉伯本质来回应的人，则复制了“反向的”东方学。

立场

Al-Azm is on the map as one of the most outspoken representatives of secular critique in modern Arab thought. Trained in Kant and in analytic philosophy, he wrote on Kant’s theory of time and on the origins of Kant’s arguments in the antinomies. His “Self-Criticism after the Defeat” (1968) traced the defeat of 1967 not to fate or to outside powers alone but to the social and intellectual structures of Arab societies and the conduct of their leaders. “Critique of Religious Thought” (1969) argued that religion, as an organised system of belief, conflicts with the scientific knowledge of the age, and that its use by Arab regimes to explain and console after the defeat was ideological; in its most discussed essay, “The Tragedy of Satan”, he read Iblis’s refusal to bow before Adam as a tragic conflict between God’s command and God’s will, in which Iblis remained faithful to God alone. In “Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse” (1981) he agreed with Edward Said that Orientalism had served domination, but objected that Said, by tracing it back to Homer and Aeschylus, made Orientalism itself an unchanging essence of the West, and could not explain why Orientalist scholarship was sometimes right; those Arab and Islamist thinkers who answered Orientalism by asserting an unchanging Islamic or Arab essence reproduced it in reverse. After the fatwa against Salman Rushdie he defended the novelist in “The Mentality of Taboo” (1992) and argued for secularism as a condition of democracy. Elizabeth Suzanne Kassab (2010) treats his work as a key part of the Arab tradition of cultural critique after 1967.

生平与背景

Sadiq Jalal al-Azm was born in Damascus in November 1934 into a prominent family of Ottoman notables. He studied philosophy at the American University of Beirut and took his doctorate at Yale with work on Kant. He taught at the American University of Beirut in the 1960s and worked for the Palestine Research Center; after the publication of his “Critique of Religious Thought” (1969) he was tried in Beirut for inciting religious strife and acquitted. From 1977 he taught modern European philosophy at the University of Damascus until his retirement in 1999, and also as a visiting professor at Princeton and other universities in the United States, Germany and Japan. In 2011 he supported the Syrian uprising; he spent his last years in exile in Germany and died in Berlin on 11 December 2016.

其他主要作品

• Kant’s Theory of Time (1967)
• Self-Criticism after the Defeat (al-Naqd al-dhātī baʿd al-hazīma, 1968)
• Critique of Religious Thought (Naqd al-fikr al-dīnī, 1969)
• The Origins of Kant’s Arguments in the Antinomies (1972)
• Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse (Khamsin, 1981)
• The Mentality of Taboo (Dhihniyyat al-taḥrīm, 1992)