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Alan Turing

1912–1954

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Wszystko, co da się obliczyć, postępując krok po kroku według reguł, da się obliczyć na jednym prostym rodzaju maszyny – a zamiast pytać, czy maszyny myślą, powinniśmy pytać, czy potrafią rozmawiać w sposób nieodróżnialny od człowieka.

Umiejscowienie

Nauki przyrodnicze i nauki o człowieku · Europa Północna · Umysł i świadomość, Logika, Nauka

Zdefiniował obliczalność za pomocą „maszyny Turinga” (1936); w 1950 roku zaproponował zastąpienie pytania „Czy maszyny mogą myśleć?” grą w naśladownictwo – testem Turinga – i tym samym otworzył filozofię sztucznej inteligencji.

Kluczowe idee

  • Maszyna Turinga
  • Maszyna uniwersalna i nierozstrzygalność
  • Gra w naśladownictwo

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 4

  • David Hilbert

    pod wpływem

    Turing answered Hilbert and Ackermann’s decision problem (Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik, 1928) in the negative, defining computability through his machines (‘On Computable Numbers’, 1936). A. M. Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (1936–37); D. Hilbert and W. Ackermann, Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik (1928); SEP “Hilbert’s Program”; SEP “Alan Turing”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    David Hilbert › 1862–1943

  • Bertrand Russell

    pod wpływem

    Turing studied Russell’s Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy in 1933, according to Hodges, and later adapted Russell’s theory of types (‘Practical Forms of Type Theory’, 1948). A. Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983); A. M. Turing, “Practical Forms of Type Theory”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 13 (1948); B. Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919)

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Bertrand Russell › 1872–1970

  • Ludwig Wittgenstein

    pod wpływem sporne

    Turing attended Wittgenstein’s Cambridge lectures on the foundations of mathematics (1939) and argued with him over contradictions; how far this shaped Turing’s work is disputed. C. Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein’s Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, Cambridge, 1939 (1976); J. Floyd, “Turing on ‘Common Sense’: Cambridge Resonances”, in J. Floyd and A. Bokulich (eds.), Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing (2017)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Ludwig Wittgenstein › 1889–1951

  • Kurt Gödel

    pod wpływem

    Turing related his unsolvability proof for the Entscheidungsproblem to Gödel’s incompleteness theorem and, like Gödel’s arithmetisation, coded machines as numbers (‘On Computable Numbers’, 1936). A. M. Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 42 (1936–37); K. Gödel, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 38 (1931); SEP “Alan Turing”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Kurt Gödel › 1906–1978

Wpływ na 4

  • Hilary Putnam

    wpływ na

    Putnam modelled mental states on the states of a Turing machine, founding machine functionalism (‘Minds and Machines’, 1960; ‘Psychological Predicates’, 1967). H. Putnam, “Minds and Machines”, in S. Hook (ed.), Dimensions of Mind (1960); “Psychological Predicates” (1967), repr. as “The Nature of Mental States”; SEP “Functionalism”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Hilary Putnam › 1926–2016

  • Jerry Alan Fodor

    wpływ na

    Fodor built his computational theory of mind on Turing’s model of computation: thinking is rule-governed manipulation of symbols in a language of thought (The Language of Thought, 1975). J. A. Fodor, The Language of Thought (1975); The Mind Doesn’t Work That Way (2000); SEP “The Computational Theory of Mind”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Jerry Alan Fodor › 1935–2017

  • Daniel Dennett

    wpływ na

    Dennett defended Turing’s test as a fair criterion (‘Can Machines Think?’, 1985) and paired Turing with Darwin on competence without comprehension (From Bacteria to Bach and Back, 2017). D. C. Dennett, “Can Machines Think?” (1985), in Brainchildren (1998); From Bacteria to Bach and Back (2017); SEP “The Turing Test”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Daniel Dennett › 1942–2024

  • Luciano Floridi

    wpływ na

    Floridi called Turing’s the fourth revolution after Copernicus, Darwin and Freud: we are informational organisms (‘inforgs’) among other intelligent agents (The Fourth Revolution, 2014). L. Floridi, The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality (2014); The Philosophy of Information (2011)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Luciano Floridi › ur. 1964

Krytyka

Krytyka ze strony 1

  • John Searle

    krytyka ze strony

    Searle’s Chinese Room targeted the Turing test as a criterion of understanding: a program passing it by symbol manipulation need not understand anything (‘Minds, Brains, and Programs’, 1980). J. R. Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980), 417–457; A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind 59 (1950)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    John Searle › 1932–2025

Dzieła

Stanowisko

In 1936 Turing defined what it means for something to be computable by imagining a simple machine that reads and writes symbols on a tape. This “Turing machine” showed both the power and the limits of mechanical calculation – some problems can never be solved by any algorithm – and became the theoretical basis of the computer. In 1950 he asked whether machines can think and replaced the question with a test: if a machine can converse so that we cannot tell it from a human, we have no good reason to deny it intelligence. He answered many objections in advance, opening the philosophy of mind and of artificial intelligence.

Życie i kontekst

Born in London in 1912, Turing studied mathematics at King’s College, Cambridge, and completed a doctorate at Princeton. During the Second World War he played a leading role at Bletchley Park in breaking the German Enigma code. Afterwards he designed early computers in London and Manchester. In 1952 he was convicted of “gross indecency” because of a relationship with a man – sexual acts between men were then a crime in Britain – and given the choice between prison and probation on condition of hormone treatment; he accepted the treatment. He died in 1954 of cyanide poisoning, which the inquest ruled suicide. In 2009 the British government apologised, and in 2013 he received a posthumous royal pardon.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)
  • The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis (1952)

Pojawia się w

Źródła: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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