Steve Biko
Wyzwolenie zaczyna się w umyśle: Czarni muszą najpierw uwolnić się od poczucia niższości, które zasiał w nich ucisk.
Umiejscowienie
Czołowa postać Ruchu Czarnej Świadomości w RPA czasów apartheidu, zabity w areszcie policyjnym: wyzwolenie zaczyna się od uwolnienia umysłu uciskanych od poczucia niższości.
Kluczowe idee
- Czarna Świadomość
- Wyzwolenie psychologiczne
- Krytyka białego liberalizmu
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 3
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
pod wpływem
In “White Racism and Black Consciousness” (1971) Biko framed Black Consciousness with what he called “the Hegelian theory of dialectic materialism”: white racism is the thesis, a solid Black unity the antithesis, and a true humanity without racism the synthesis. S. Biko, “White Racism and Black Consciousness” (1971), in I Write What I Like (1978)
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Paulo Freire
pod wpływem
Biko and the South African Students’ Organisation used Freire’s conscientisation in literacy and community projects of the early 1970s to build Black self-reliance. L. Hadfield, Liberation and Development: Black Consciousness Community Programs in South Africa (2016); S. Biko, I Write What I Like (1978); P. Freire, Pedagogia do oprimido (1968)
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Paulo Freire › 1921–1997
Frantz Fanon
pod wpływem
Biko drew on Fanon’s analysis of colonised consciousness for Black Consciousness, holding that the oppressed must first free their own minds (I Write What I Like, 1978). S. Biko, I Write What I Like (1978); F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952); L. R. Gordon, What Fanon Said (2015)
Źródło: szkic AI
Frantz Fanon › 1925–1961
Dzieła
Pisma zebrane, opublikowane po jego śmierci: Czarna Świadomość jako samowyzwolenie uciskanych z poczucia niższości.
Stanowisko
Biko argued that the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed. Apartheid had taught Black people to see themselves as inferior; liberation therefore had to begin with psychological self-liberation, pride and solidarity. “Black” was a political term for all the oppressed, including Indian and Coloured South Africans. He criticised white liberals who claimed to lead the struggle and offered integration on white terms: Black people had to organise themselves. Drawing on Fanon, Black theology and Freire’s literacy methods, Black Consciousness inspired the student generation of the 1976 Soweto uprising. Critics in the non-racial tradition questioned its exclusion of white allies.
Życie i kontekst
Stephen Bantu Biko was born in 1946 in King William’s Town in the Eastern Cape. While studying medicine at the University of Natal he broke with the white-led student union and in 1968 co-founded the South African Students’ Organisation. In 1973 the apartheid state banned him and restricted him to his home town. Arrested in August 1977, he was beaten in police custody and died that September.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- White Racism and Black Consciousness (1971)
- Black Consciousness and the Quest for a True Humanity (1973)
- I Write What I Like (1978, posthumous)
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