स्टीव बीको
मुक्ति मन में आरंभ होती है: अश्वेत लोगों को पहले उस हीनता-भाव से स्वयं को मुक्त करना होगा जो उत्पीड़न ने उनमें बो दिया है।
पृष्ठभूमि
रंगभेद-कालीन दक्षिण अफ़्रीका में अश्वेत चेतना आंदोलन के प्रमुख व्यक्ति, पुलिस हिरासत में मारे गए: मुक्ति उत्पीड़ितों के मन को हीनता से मुक्त करने से शुरू होती है।
मुख्य विचार
- अश्वेत चेतना
- मनोवैज्ञानिक मुक्ति
- श्वेत उदारवाद की आलोचना
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित
In “White Racism and Black Consciousness” (1971) Biko framed Black Consciousness with what he called “the Hegelian theory of dialectic materialism”: white racism is the thesis, a solid Black unity the antithesis, and a true humanity without racism the synthesis. S. Biko, “White Racism and Black Consciousness” (1971), in I Write What I Like (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
पाउलो फ्रेइरे
जिनसे प्रभावित
Biko and the South African Students’ Organisation used Freire’s conscientisation in literacy and community projects of the early 1970s to build Black self-reliance. L. Hadfield, Liberation and Development: Black Consciousness Community Programs in South Africa (2016); S. Biko, I Write What I Like (1978); P. Freire, Pedagogia do oprimido (1968)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पाउलो फ्रेइरे › 1921–1997
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिनसे प्रभावित
Biko drew on Fanon’s analysis of colonised consciousness for Black Consciousness, holding that the oppressed must first free their own minds (I Write What I Like, 1978). S. Biko, I Write What I Like (1978); F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952); L. R. Gordon, What Fanon Said (2015)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
कृतियाँ
संकलित लेखन, उनकी मृत्यु के बाद प्रकाशित: उत्पीड़ितों के हीनता-बोध से स्व-मुक्ति के रूप में अश्वेत चेतना।
मत
Biko argued that the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed. Apartheid had taught Black people to see themselves as inferior; liberation therefore had to begin with psychological self-liberation, pride and solidarity. “Black” was a political term for all the oppressed, including Indian and Coloured South Africans. He criticised white liberals who claimed to lead the struggle and offered integration on white terms: Black people had to organise themselves. Drawing on Fanon, Black theology and Freire’s literacy methods, Black Consciousness inspired the student generation of the 1976 Soweto uprising. Critics in the non-racial tradition questioned its exclusion of white allies.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Stephen Bantu Biko was born in 1946 in King William’s Town in the Eastern Cape. While studying medicine at the University of Natal he broke with the white-led student union and in 1968 co-founded the South African Students’ Organisation. In 1973 the apartheid state banned him and restricted him to his home town. Arrested in August 1977, he was beaten in police custody and died that September.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- White Racism and Black Consciousness (1971)
- Black Consciousness and the Quest for a True Humanity (1973)
- I Write What I Like (1978, posthumous)
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