निर्णायक निबंध (फ़स्ल अल-मक़ाल)

परिचय

Averroes wrote the treatise around 1179, as a judge (qadi) and in the form of a legal question: is the study of philosophy and logic permitted, forbidden, recommended or obligatory under the religious law? His answer is that verses such as “Reflect, you who have vision” (Qur’an 59:2) make demonstrative reasoning obligatory for those capable of it. Since truth does not contradict truth, a passage of scripture must be interpreted where a demonstrated conclusion conflicts with its apparent sense – but such interpretations belong to the learned and should not be spread among people who are persuaded by rhetoric or dialectic. He also argues that al-Ghazali was wrong to declare the philosophers unbelievers over the eternity of the world and God’s knowledge. The treatise was not translated into Latin in the Middle Ages; Marcus Joseph Müller edited the Arabic text in Munich in 1859, and it has since become a standard text on faith and reason.

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