जेसन स्टैनली
प्रचार और फ़ासीवादी राजनीति साझा आदर्शों को उन्हीं के विरुद्ध मोड़कर और लोगों को “हम” और “वे” में बाँटकर काम करती हैं – और ज्ञान अंशतः इस पर निर्भर करता है कि दाँव पर क्या है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ज्ञानमीमांसक और भाषा-दार्शनिक, 2025 से टोरंटो में: करना-जानना भी एक तरह का तथ्य-जानना है, और हम क्या जानते हैं यह इस पर निर्भर करता है कि दाँव पर क्या है – जबकि प्रचार और फ़ासीवाद लोकतांत्रिक आदर्शों को उन्हीं के विरुद्ध मोड़कर काम करते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- रुचि-सापेक्ष अपरिवर्तनीयतावाद
- करना-जानना तथ्य-जानना के रूप में
- प्रचार को कमज़ोर करना
- “हम और वे” की राजनीति
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
हाना आरंट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Stanley drew on Arendt’s Origins of Totalitarianism for fascist ‘unreality’, where propaganda and conspiracy erode a shared sense of fact (How Fascism Works, 2018). J. Stanley, How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them (2018), “Unreality”; H. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
गिल्बर्ट राइल
जिनकी आलोचना की
With Williamson, Stanley argued against Ryle that knowing how is a species of knowing that, propositional knowledge of a way to act (‘Knowing How’, 2001). J. Stanley & T. Williamson, “Knowing How”, Journal of Philosophy 98 (2001), 411–444; J. Stanley, Know How (2011); G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind (1949), ch. 2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गिल्बर्ट राइल › 1900–1976
मत
Stanley first made his name in the philosophy of language and epistemology. With Timothy Williamson he argued, against Gilbert Ryle, that knowing how to do something is a kind of knowing that: to know how to ride a bicycle is to know, of some way of riding, that it is a way to do it. “Knowledge and Practical Interests” defended “interest-relative invariantism”: whether someone knows something can depend on what is at stake for them, so that evidence which suffices for knowledge when little hangs on the question may not suffice when much does. His later work turned to politics. “How Propaganda Works” analyses “undermining propaganda”, which appeals to ideals such as freedom or security in the service of goals that erode them, and shows how ideologies rooted in inequality make it effective. “How Fascism Works” describes recurring tactics of fascist politics, from the myth of a glorious past and contempt for intellectuals to the division of society into “us” and “them”. “Erasing History” examines campaigns to control what schools may teach about the past.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Jason Stanley (born 1969 in Syracuse, New York) grew up in a family marked by Nazi persecution: his grandmother Ilse Stanley helped free several hundred Jewish prisoners from concentration camps before leaving Berlin with his father in 1939. He studied at Stony Brook and took his doctorate at MIT in 1995 under Robert Stalnaker. After posts at Cornell, Michigan and Rutgers he was Jacob Urowsky Professor of Philosophy at Yale from 2013. In 2025, citing the political situation in the United States, he moved to the University of Toronto, where he holds the Bissell-Heyd Chair in American Studies at the Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Knowing How (with Timothy Williamson, 2001)
- Knowledge and Practical Interests (2005)
- How Propaganda Works (2015)
- How Fascism Works (2018)
- Erasing History (2024)
इनमें आता है
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