مارسيان توا

الأعمال

• 1971بحث في الإشكالية الفلسفية في أفريقيا اليوم (Essai sur la problématique philosophique dans l’Afrique actuelle)

  كتاب قصير يرفض الفلسفة الإثنية عند تمبلز وكاغامه بوصفها وصفًا لمعتقدات جماعية يُقدَّم فلسفة: تبدأ الفلسفة حيث يُفحص التقليد نقديًا، وعلى أفريقيا أن تتملك الفكر العلمي والفلسفي الذي دانت له أوروبا بقوتها.

• 1971ليوبولد سيدار سنغور: الزنوجة أم العبودية؟ (Léopold Sédar Senghor : négritude ou servitude ?)

  نقد لزنوجة سنغور: بمقابلة العاطفة الأفريقية بالعقل الأوروبي يقبل سنغور الصورة الاستعمارية للأفريقي ويحوّل الخضوع إلى هوية؛ وفكر محرِّر عليه أن يرفض العبودية بدل أن يحتفي بالاختلاف.

الموقف

Towa is on the map as one of the founding critics of ethnophilosophy and as the most uncompromising critic of Senghor’s Négritude. In the Essay on the Philosophical Problem in Present-Day Africa (1971) he argued that the works of Tempels and Kagame, and those of their African followers, describe the collective beliefs of a people and call them philosophy: they lend European prestige to traditions without examining them, and confirm the view that Africans think only collectively and in myths. Philosophy, by contrast, begins when a tradition is questioned and judged by reason. The domination of Africa by Europe, he held, was no accident: it rested on Europe’s science and technology and the critical thinking behind them – what he called the secret of Europe’s power – and Africa can free itself only by appropriating that secret, which means transforming itself rather than celebrating what it supposedly always was. In Léopold Sédar Senghor: Négritude or Servitude? (1971) he turned this against Senghor: by opposing African emotion and intuition to European reason, Négritude accepts the colonial image of the African and makes subjection into an identity. Towa did not reject the African past; in L’idée d’une philosophie négro-africaine (1979) he argued that African traditions also contain critical reflection, which philosophy should seek out instead of a collective worldview. Dismas Masolo (1994) and later histories of African philosophy treat him, with Hountondji and Eboussi Boulaga, as part of the core of the critique of ethnophilosophy.

الحياة والسياق

Marcien Towa was born on 5 January 1931 in Cameroon, then under French administration. He studied philosophy in France and returned to the independent republic to teach at the University of Yaoundé, where he spent most of his career. His two books of 1971, published by the Éditions CLÉ in Yaoundé, made him one of the main voices in the debate on African philosophy in the 1970s, together with Paulin Hountondji in Dahomey (later Benin) and Fabien Eboussi Boulaga in Cameroon. In 1979 he published L’idée d’une philosophie négro-africaine; his later work dealt with identity, culture and development, and his thesis on identity and transcendence appeared as a book in 2011. He died on 2 July 2014.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

• L’idée d’une philosophie négro-africaine (1979)
• Identité et transcendance (2011)