Kwame Nkrumah

Agora

Kwame Nkrumah

1909–1972

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Wolna Afryka potrzebuje filozofii łączącej jej dziedzictwo tradycyjne, islamskie i chrześcijańskie na gruncie socjalistycznym – i musi opierać się neokolonializmowi.

Umiejscowienie

Filozofia afrykańska i afrykańskiej diaspory · Afryka na południe od Sahary · Polityka i prawo, Społeczeństwo i historia

Przywódca niepodległej Ghany: jego „Consciencism” szukał filozofii łączącej tradycję afrykańską, islam i wpływ euro-chrześcijański na gruncie materialistycznym.

Kluczowe idee

Consciencism
Panafrykanizm
Neokolonializm

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 5

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

pod wpływem
Nkrumah drew on Hegel’s dialectic, via Marx, for ‘philosophical consciencism’, a synthesis of traditional, Islamic and Euro-Christian elements of African society (Consciencism, 1964). K. Nkrumah, Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonization (1964; rev. 1970)
Źródło: szkic AI
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Karol Marks

pod wpływem
Nkrumah adopted Marx’s class analysis late, arguing that African societies are divided by class and that an African bourgeoisie is allied with neocolonialism (Class Struggle in Africa, 1970). K. Nkrumah, Class Struggle in Africa (1970); Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (1965)
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Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Edward Wilmot Blyden

pod wpływem
Nkrumah took up Blyden’s idea of an ‘African personality’ and made it a watchword of Pan-African unity in the late 1950s (I Speak of Freedom, 1961). K. Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom (1961); E. W. Blyden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (1887); H. R. Lynch, Edward Wilmot Blyden: Pan-Negro Patriot (1967)
Źródło: szkic AI
Edward Wilmot Blyden › 1832–1912
W.E.B. Du Bois

pod wpływem
Nkrumah, co-organiser of the Manchester Pan-African Congress chaired by Du Bois (1945), invited him to Ghana in 1961 to direct the Encyclopedia Africana. K. Nkrumah, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (1957); D. L. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 (2000)
Źródło: szkic AI
W.E.B. Du Bois › 1868–1963
Mahatma Gandhi

pod wpływem
Nkrumah recalled that months of studying Gandhi’s policy convinced him that non-violence, backed by a strong political organisation, could end colonial rule; his “Positive Action” campaign of 1950 followed that model. K. Nkrumah, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (1957); What I Mean by Positive Action (1949); A. Biney, The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah (2011)
Źródło: szkic AI
Mahatma Gandhi › 1869–1948

Krytyka

Krytyka ze strony 1

Paulin Hountondji

krytyka ze strony
Hountondji criticised Consciencism (1964) for deriving an official ideology from a supposedly unanimous Africa and welcomed the later Nkrumah’s class analysis (Sur la « philosophie africaine », 1976). P. Hountondji, Sur la « philosophie africaine » (1976; Engl. African Philosophy: Myth and Reality, 1983), chs. 6 “The end of ‘Nkrumaism’ and the (re)birth of Nkrumah” and 7 “The idea of philosophy in Nkrumah’s Consciencism”; K. Nkrumah, Class Struggle in Africa (1970)
Źródło: szkic AI
Paulin Hountondji › 1942–2024

Dzieła

1964Consciencism
Filozofia dekolonizacji: tradycja afrykańska, islam i wpływ euro-chrześcijański połączone na gruncie materialistycznym.

Stanowisko

Nkrumah wanted a philosophy for decolonization. In Consciencism he argued that African society carried three strands: traditional African values, Islam and Euro-Christian influence. These were to be joined in a new synthesis on a materialist basis, guided by the egalitarian and communal ethics he saw in traditional Africa. Politically he championed Pan-Africanism: only a united Africa could secure real independence. In Neo-Colonialism he warned that formal independence could leave economic dependence intact, a concept that shaped later debates about the Global South. His growing authoritarianism and one-party rule, however, remain a lasting point of criticism.

Życie i kontekst

Nkrumah was born in 1909 in Nkroful in the Gold Coast and trained as a teacher. From 1935 he studied in the United States, including philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, then in London, where he helped organize the Pan-African Congress of 1945. He led Ghana to independence in 1957 and became its president. Overthrown by a coup in 1966, he died in exile in 1972.