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مقدمة

Paulo Freire, whose adult literacy campaigns in north-eastern Brazil had led to his imprisonment and exile after the military coup of 1964, wrote the book in Chile. It first appeared in English in 1970; in Brazil it could be published only in 1974. Freire criticises the “banking concept” of education, in which teachers deposit knowledge in passive pupils, and proposes a problem-posing education based on dialogue. Learners start from “generative” words and themes of their own lives and develop conscientização, a critical awareness of social reality that leads to action. Drawing on Hegel, Marx, Fanon and Christian thought, the book is counted among the most cited works in the social sciences.

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• ظواهرية الروح1807 · جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
• معذبو الأرض1961 · فرانتس فانون