لونهنغ (الموازنات)

مقدمة

The “Lunheng” – the title means roughly “discourses weighed in the balance” – is a collection of 85 essays, one of them lost, that Wang Chong wrote over many years in the second half of the first century. He summed up its aim in a phrase: to hate falsehood. Chapter after chapter takes up beliefs of his time – that Heaven sends portents and disasters in response to rulers’ conduct, that the dead become ghosts, that sages know things without learning – and tests them against observation, analogy and the consistency of the texts themselves. Chapters 28 to 30 apply the same method to Confucius, Han Fei and Mencius. The book circulated little at first and was later censured for its attacks on the sages; Alfred Forke’s English translation (1907–11) made it known in Europe, and twentieth-century Chinese scholars read it as an early example of a critical, evidence-based attitude.

اقرأ النص الكامل

• Wikisource (الصينية)
• Chinese Text Project (الصينية)

نص كامل مجاني، وغالبًا طبعة أو ترجمة أقدم

الصلات

ينتقد

• المحاورات (لونيو)نحو 450 ق.م · كونفوشيوس
• منسيوس (منغزي)نحو 300 ق.م · منسيوس
• هان فاينحو 235 ق.م · هان فاي