هادي السبزواري

الأعمال

• 1845شرح المنظومة (غرر الفرائد)

  شرح السبزواري، الذي أتمّه عام 1845، على منظومته التعليمية في المنطق والحكمة: يعرض بأبيات عربية مقفاة وشرح نثري فلسفة ملا صدرا – أصالة الوجود وتشكيكه، والحركة الجوهرية، والنفس ومعادها – وهو منذ ذلك الحين الكتاب الأساسي لتدريس الفلسفة في الحوزات الإيرانية.

• نحو 1869أسرار الحكم

  خلاصة فارسية في الحكمة والكلام كُتبت بطلب من ناصر الدين شاه: المبدأ والمعاد ومعرفة النفس، مع بيان للفضائل؛ وعرض محمد إقبال عام 1908 مذهبه في النور والظل والظلمة.

الموقف

Sabzawari is on the map as the philosopher who made Mulla Sadra the master thinker of Iranian philosophy in the nineteenth century. His didactic poem on logic and philosophy, with his own commentary completed in 1845 (Sharḥ-i Manẓūma), sets out Sadra’s system in rhymed Arabic verse: the primacy of existence over essence, existence as one reality with grades of intensity from God to matter, substantial motion, the soul and its return to God. Short enough to memorise and dense enough to need a teacher, it became and has remained the basic textbook of philosophy in Iranian seminaries and has been commented on many times; Toshihiko Izutsu and Mehdi Mohaghegh edited and translated its metaphysics. Sabzawari also wrote glosses on Sadra’s Four Journeys and on Ibn Sina’s Healing, a commentary on difficult verses of Rumi’s Masnavi, and mystical poems under the pen name Asrār, “secrets”; he held that philosophy must be completed by asceticism and inner purification. At the request of Nasir al-Din Shah he wrote the Persian Secrets of Wisdom (Asrār al-ḥikam). In 1908 Muhammad Iqbal presented its doctrine of light, shadow and darkness in The Development of Metaphysics in Persia as a sign that philosophy was still alive in Iran, though he dated him wrongly to the eighteenth century. Through his students and their students, Sadra’s philosophy reached the scholars of Qom and Tehran in the twentieth century.

الحياة والسياق

Mulla Hadi Sabzawari was born in 1797 in Sabzevar in Khorasan into a family of land-owning merchants. After his father’s early death he was brought up by a cousin, who took him at ten to Mashhad. He then went to Isfahan, still the centre of philosophy in Iran, and studied for some eight years with Mulla ʿAli Nuri and Mulla Ismaʿil Isfahani, the leading teachers of Mulla Sadra’s philosophy, concentrating on the Four Journeys and The Divine Witnesses. After teaching in Mashhad and a pilgrimage to Mecca (1832–33) he settled in Sabzevar, where he taught philosophy for the rest of his life in a madrasa that drew students from all over Iran. The orientalist Edward Browne reported that he secretly left money in the rooms of needy students. Nasir al-Din Shah visited him on a journey to Mashhad. He died in Sabzevar in 1873.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

• Commentary on the Versified Treatise (Sharḥ-i Manẓūma: Ghurar al-farāʾid and al-Laʾālī al-muntaẓama, 1845)
• Secrets of Wisdom (Asrār al-ḥikam)
• Glosses on Mulla Sadra’s Four Journeys (al-Asfār)
• Commentary on difficult verses of Rumi’s Masnavi
• Collected poems (Dīwān-i Asrār)