महमूद ममदानी

कृतियाँ

• 1996नागरिक और प्रजा: समकालीन अफ़्रीका और देर से उपनिवेशवाद की विरासत

  दक्षिण अफ़्रीका और युगांडा पर केंद्रित तुलनात्मक अध्ययन: अप्रत्यक्ष शासन ने सरदारों की “विकेंद्रित निरंकुशता” रची, जो औपनिवेशिक राज्य द्वारा गढ़े गए रूढ़िगत क़ानून से ग्रामीण प्रजा पर शासन करते थे, जबकि शहरी अल्पसंख्यक के पास नागरिक अधिकार थे; स्वतंत्रता ने राज्य को नस्ल से मुक्त किया, परंतु क़बीलावाद से नहीं।

• 2001जब पीड़ित हत्यारे बन जाते हैं: उपनिवेशवाद, मूलनिवासीवाद और रवांडा में नरसंहार

  1994 के नरसंहार का अध्ययन: औपनिवेशिक शासन ने हुतू और तुत्सी को “मूल निवासी” और “बसने वाली” नस्ल बना दिया, और नरसंहार उन पूर्व पीड़ितों की हिंसा थी जिन्होंने मूल निवासी के रूप में देश पर दावा किया; ममदानी इसे नरसंहार के औपनिवेशिक इतिहास पर आरंट के साथ और उपनिवेशित की हिंसा पर फ़ानों के साथ पढ़ते हैं।

मत

Mamdani is on the map as a theorist of the colonial state in Africa and of the political identities it produced. In Citizen and Subject (1996) he argued that late colonial rule in Africa created a “bifurcated state”: in the towns a racially exclusive civil power governed citizens through civil law, while in the countryside native authorities – chiefs empowered by the colonial state – governed subjects through a “customary” law that the colonial state had itself defined, a form of rule he called decentralised despotism. Apartheid, in this view, was not an exception but the most developed form of indirect rule. Independence deracialised the state but did not detribalise it, and democratisation requires dismantling the legal division between citizen and subject. In When Victims Become Killers (2001) he applied this to Rwanda: colonial rule had turned the difference between Hutu and Tutsi into a racial one between “native” and “alien settler”, and the genocide of 1994 was the violence of former victims who claimed the country as natives; he read it with Hannah Arendt’s account of the colonial history of genocide and with Fanon’s understanding of the violence of the colonised. Define and Rule (2012) traced the colonial theory of the native back to Henry Maine, and Neither Settler nor Native (2020) extended the analysis to the making of modern nation-states. Citizen and Subject was debated in the CODESRIA Bulletin, among others by Archie Mafeje; his books on the “war on terror”, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim (2004), and on the campaign over Darfur, Saviors and Survivors (2009), made him a public intellectual.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Mahmood Mamdani was born on 23 April 1946 in Bombay and grew up in Kampala in a Gujarati Muslim family. He studied political science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he took part in the civil rights movement, and at Harvard, where he took his doctorate in 1974. When Idi Amin expelled the Asians from Uganda in 1972 he was forced to leave and spent months in a refugee camp in Britain; he then taught at the University of Dar es Salaam, returned to Makerere University after Amin’s fall and founded the Centre for Basic Research in Kampala. He held the A. C. Jordan chair of African Studies at the University of Cape Town (1996–99), where a dispute over the teaching of African history became public, and from 1999 taught at Columbia University in New York; from 2010 he also directed the Makerere Institute of Social Research. From 1998 to 2002 he was president of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA).

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste and Class in an Indian Village (1972)
• Politics and Class Formation in Uganda (1976)
• Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (1996)
• When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (2001)
• Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (2004)
• Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror (2009)
• Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity (2012)
• Neither Settler nor Native: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities (2020)