आल्फ़ रॉस

कृतियाँ

• 1951टू-टू

  एक कल्पित द्वीप-जाति पर छोटा निबंध जो मानती है कि जो वर्जना तोड़ता है वह “टू-टू” बन जाता है और उसे शुद्ध करना पड़ता है: “स्वामित्व” जैसे विधिक शब्द भी अपने आप में किसी चीज़ का निर्देश नहीं करते बल्कि कुछ तथ्यों को कुछ परिणामों से जोड़ते हैं।

• 1953विधि और न्याय पर

  स्कैंडिनेवियाई यथार्थवाद का व्यवस्थित विधि-सिद्धांत: वैध विधि उन मानदंडों का समूह है जिन्हें न्यायाधीश वास्तव में बाध्यकारी अनुभव करते और लागू करते हैं, इसलिए वैध विधि के कथन अदालती निर्णयों की भविष्यवाणियाँ हैं; बिना और अंतर्वस्तु के “न्याय” भावना व्यक्त करता है।

मत

Ross is on the map as a leading, systematic theorist of Scandinavian legal realism, which joined Hägerström’s critique of metaphysics with the empiricism of the Vienna Circle. In “On Law and Justice” (1953) he defined valid law as the set of norms that actually operate in the minds of judges, who feel bound by them and apply them; a statement about valid law is therefore a prediction, with a certain probability, of how the courts will decide. Concepts such as ownership or claim refer to nothing in themselves – his essay “Tû-Tû” compares them to the taboo word of an invented tribe – but serve to link sets of facts with sets of legal consequences. Natural law and appeals to “justice” without further content he regarded as expressions of emotion that can be used to justify any demand. In logic he observed that from “you ought to post the letter” one seems entitled to infer “you ought to post the letter or burn it”; this “Ross’s paradox” became a test case for deontic logic. H. L. A. Hart’s review of 1959 questioned whether legal validity can be reduced to predictions and feelings of being bound, a debate that shaped legal philosophy after both. Ross also wrote influential books on democracy and on international law.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Alf Ross was born on 10 June 1899 in Copenhagen and studied law there, graduating in 1922. He then worked in Vienna with Hans Kelsen, whose pure theory of law shaped his early thought. When the University of Copenhagen rejected his dissertation on the sources of law, he went to Uppsala, where he studied with Axel Hägerström and took a doctorate in philosophy in 1929; Copenhagen awarded him a doctorate in law in 1934. From 1938 to 1969 he was professor at the law faculty of the University of Copenhagen, teaching constitutional and international law and legal philosophy. From 1959 to 1971 he was a judge of the European Court of Human Rights. He died in Copenhagen on 17 August 1979.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• Theorie der Rechtsquellen (1929)
• Virkelighed og Gyldighed i Retslæren (1934)
• Imperatives and Logic (Theoria 7, 1941)
• Hvorfor Demokrati? (1946; Why Democracy?, 1952)
• Tû-tû (1951; English in Harvard Law Review 70, 1957)
• Om ret og retfærdighed (1953; On Law and Justice, 1958)
• Directives and Norms (1968)