जमाल अल-दीन अल-अफगानी
मुसलमानों को साम्राज्यवाद के विरुद्ध एकजुट होना और तर्क तथा विज्ञान को अपनाना चाहिए, जो यूरोप जितने ही इस्लाम के भी हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
ईरान से मिस्र, भारत और पेरिस तक घूमने वाले कार्यकर्ता: साम्राज्यवाद के विरुद्ध इस्लामी एकता और इस्लाम के भीतर तर्क और विज्ञान का आह्वान किया – और 1883 में अर्नेस्ट रेनां को उत्तर दिया।
मुख्य विचार
- इस्लामी एकता और साम्राज्यवाद-विरोध
- इस्लाम में तर्क और विज्ञान
- रेनां को उत्तर
शिष्य: मुहम्मद अब्दुह
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
अबू अली सीना
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schooled in the philosophical tradition of Avicenna, al-Afghani taught Islamic philosophy, including Avicenna’s works, in Cairo in the 1870s to a circle that included Muhammad Abduh. N. R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani”: A Political Biography (1972); A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (1962)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अबू अली सीना › 980–1037
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
मुहम्मद अब्दुह जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Abduh joined al-Afghani’s circle in Cairo around 1871–72 and studied philosophy, theology and mysticism with him outside al-Azhar; in exile they published the journal al-Urwa al-Wuthqa together in Paris (1884). N. R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani”: A Political Biography (1972); EI² “Muḥammad ʿAbduh”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मुहम्मद अब्दुह › 1849–1905
मुहम्मद इक़बाल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Iqbal took up al-Afghani’s call to reawaken and unite the Muslim world and gave him a speaking part in the sphere of Mercury in his Javid Nama (1932). M. Iqbal, Javid Nama (1932), tr. A. J. Arberry (1966); The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930); A. Schimmel, Gabriel’s Wing (1963)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मुहम्मद इक़बाल › 1877–1938
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
चार्ल्स डार्विन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Al-Afghani’s Refutation of the Materialists (1881) ridiculed Darwin’s theory among the ‘naturalist’ doctrines that, in his view, dissolve religion, morality and society. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, al-Radd ʿalā al-dahriyyīn (1881), tr. N. R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism, 1968
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डार्विन › 1809–1882
कृतियाँ
भारत में फ़ारसी में लिखी: भौतिकवादी, देमोक्रितस से डार्विन तक, उन धार्मिक सद्गुणों को कमज़ोर करते हैं जिन पर सभ्यताएँ टिकी हैं।
मत
Al-Afghani wanted to rouse the Muslim world against European, above all British, domination. Muslims, he argued, had declined not because of Islam but because they had neglected reason and science; they must unite and renew their religion from within. In India he wrote The Refutation of the Materialists against the “naturalists” around Sayyid Ahmad Khan, whom he accused of serving the British. Yet in his 1883 reply to Ernest Renan he conceded that all religions, Islam included, had hindered science, and hoped Islam might undergo a reform like Christianity’s. Scholars still debate his sincerity and consistency. Through Abduh and Rashid Rida he shaped both Islamic modernism and later political Islam.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Sayyid Jamal al-Din, called al-Afghani, was born in 1838 or 1839. His origin is disputed: he himself claimed birth in Afghanistan, but much evidence points to Asadabad near Hamadan in Iran and a Shia upbringing. He was active in Afghanistan, Istanbul, Egypt (1871–1879, where Muhammad Abduh became his pupil), India, Paris, London, Russia and Iran, and was expelled from several countries. He died in Istanbul in 1897.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Refutation of the Materialists (Haqiqat-i madhhab-i naychiri, Persian, 1881)
- Reply to Renan (Journal des Débats, 1883)
- The Firmest Bond (al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqa, journal, with Muhammad Abduh, 1884)
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