哲学书简

简介

Chaadaev wrote the eight letters in French between 1829 and 1831, addressed to a Moscow lady, Ekaterina Panova, who had asked him for spiritual advice; they circulated in manuscript among his friends. The first letter appeared in Russian translation in the Moscow journal Teleskop in 1836 and became one of the most discussed texts of the century: Russia, it says, lives without a past and without a place in the history of humanity, because it took its faith from Byzantium and stayed outside the unity of Western Christendom. The later letters develop a philosophy of history in which Providence leads humanity through Christianity towards the Kingdom of God on earth. Two further letters were printed in Paris in 1862; the others were found and published only in the twentieth century.

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• 疯人的辩护1837 · 彼得·恰达耶夫

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• 1837疯人的辩护