弗里德里希·阿尔贝特·朗格

作品

• 1865工人问题

  朗格1865年关于工人社会状况的书，写于他从自由主义政治转向社会主义之际；它主张国家扶助工人，并在后来的版本中作了修订。

• 1866唯物论史及对其当代意义的批判

  从古代到十九世纪的唯物论史，并附有批判：唯物论是自然科学的正当方法，但不是世界观，感官生理学证实了康德关于我们只认识现象的论点；尼采读过这本书，那托尔卜则称它把自己引向了哲学。

立场

Lange is on the map as the neo-Kantian whose History of Materialism (1866) became a standard reading of Kant through the physiology of the senses. It combines a history of materialism with a critique: materialism is a legitimate method for natural science but fails as a worldview, since the physiology of the senses itself shows that we know appearances, and ethical ideals are creations of the imagination. Hermann Cohen, his protégé, became the founder of the Marburg School, and Paul Natorp and Hans Vaihinger reported that reading Lange led them into philosophy. Nietzsche learned from the book about the psychophysics of Fechner and the physiological reading of Kant and cited Lange as an influence; how far this reached is contested. As a politician Lange moved from liberalism toward socialism and took part in the congress of German workers’ associations at Leipzig in 1864; his Labour Question (1865) argued for state support of workers.

生平与背景

Friedrich Albert Lange was born on 28 September 1828 in Wald near Solingen and grew up in Duisburg and Zurich. He studied philology and philosophy in Bonn and took his doctorate in 1851, taught at a Cologne school and from 1858 to 1862 at the Gymnasium in Duisburg, from which he was dismissed after political conflicts with the school authorities. He then worked as a newspaper editor and secretary of the chamber of commerce in Duisburg, moved to Switzerland in 1866, became professor in Zurich in 1870 and took a chair at Marburg in 1872. He died in Marburg on 21 November 1875.

其他主要作品

• The Labour Question (Die Arbeiterfrage, 1865)
• History of Materialism and Critique of Its Present Importance (Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart, 1866; second edition 1873–75)
• Logical Studies (Logische Studien, 1877)