Dzieło · Filozofia analityczna
Studies in the Logic of Confirmation (Studia nad logiką potwierdzania)
Jeśli każdy czarny kruk potwierdza „wszystkie kruki są czarne”, to potwierdza je również każda nieczarna rzecz, która nie jest krukiem – biały but, jak ujmują to późniejsze opowieści: paradoks potwierdzania.
Wprowadzenie
Carl Gustav Hempel, who had studied with Hans Reichenbach in Berlin and emigrated in the 1930s, published this two-part paper in Mind in 1945. He asks what it means for an observation report to confirm a general hypothesis, and examines conditions such as Nicod’s criterion – an A that is B confirms “all A are B” – and the equivalence condition, according to which whatever confirms a hypothesis also confirms every logically equivalent one. Together they produce the paradox: “all ravens are black” is equivalent to “all non-black things are non-ravens”, so any non-black non-raven confirms it. Hempel accepts the conclusion and explains the sense of paradox by the background knowledge we tacitly bring in. The paradox is still discussed.
Więcej dzieł: Carl Gustav Hempel
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