Work · Science & Human Sciences
Psychological Types
Large study that distinguishes two attitudes, introversion and extraversion, and four functions – thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition; long chapters trace the problem of types through Tertullian and Origen, the medieval quarrel over universals, Schiller, Nietzsche and William James.
Introduction
Jung had first outlined the problem of types in a lecture at the psychoanalytic congress in Munich in 1913, in the year of the break with Freud: two theories of neurosis, Freud’s and Adler’s, might express two temperaments. The book of 1921 defines an introverted attitude, oriented towards the subject, and an extraverted one, oriented towards the object, and combines them with four functions, two rational (thinking, feeling) and two irrational (sensation, intuition). More than half of it is a history of ideas: Jung reads the quarrel over universals, Schiller’s letters on aesthetic education, Nietzsche’s pair of the Apollonian and the Dionysian and William James’s tender- and tough-minded as expressions of type. The terms introversion and extraversion passed into general psychology.
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