Schools
Traditions of thought from Egypt to the present, in rough chronological order. Each school lists its thinkers by date.
- Ancient Greek
21 thinkers · Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pythagoras …
- Hellenistic, Roman & Late Antique
20 thinkers · Pyrrho of Elis, Epicurus, Zeno of Citium, Arcesilaus …
- South Asian & Tibetan Philosophy
45 thinkers · Uddalaka Aruni, Yajnavalkya, Gargi Vachaknavi, Maitreyi …
- East Asian Philosophy
59 thinkers · Laozi, Confucius, Mozi, Mengzi (Mencius) …
- Medieval & Scholastic
24 thinkers · Boethius, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, John Scotus Eriugena, Anselm of Canterbury …
- Philosophy in the Islamic World
65 thinkers · Rabia al-Adawiyya, al-Kindi, Isaac Israeli, Abu Bakr al-Razi …
- Renaissance & Humanism
21 thinkers · George Gemistos Plethon, Christine de Pizan, Nicholas of Cusa, Lorenzo Valla …
- Science & Human Sciences
29 thinkers · Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin …
- Sociology & Social Theory
55 thinkers · Henri de Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer …
- Rationalism
11 thinkers · René Descartes, Antoine Arnauld, Elisabeth of Bohemia, Margaret Cavendish …
- Empiricism, Enlightenment & Liberalism
39 thinkers · Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Pierre Gassendi, John Locke …
- German Idealism & Its Heirs
25 thinkers · Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Gottlieb Fichte …
- Russian Religious Philosophy
4 thinkers · Pyotr Chaadaev, Vladimir Solovyov, Nikolai Berdyaev, Pavel Florensky
- Life & Existential Philosophy
22 thinkers · Arthur Schopenhauer, Max Stirner, Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoevsky …
- Socialism, Anarchism, Marxism & Critical Theory
37 thinkers · Ludwig Feuerbach, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin …
- Phenomenology & Hermeneutics
19 thinkers · Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Christian von Ehrenfels, Edmund Husserl …
- Pragmatism & US Philosophy
11 thinkers · Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James …
- Analytic Philosophy
76 thinkers · Bernard Bolzano, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, Giuseppe Peano …
- Structuralism & Poststructuralism
24 thinkers · Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes …
- Political Philosophy & Ethics (20th–21st c.)
36 thinkers · Emma Goldman, Carl Schmitt, Hans Jonas, Hannah Arendt …
- African & Africana Philosophy
52 thinkers · Ptahhotep, Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti, Zera Yacob, Walda Heywat …
- Latin American & Caribbean Philosophy
18 thinkers · Bartolomé de las Casas, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, José Martí …
- Indigenous Philosophies
21 thinkers · Nezahualcóyotl, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa), Zitkala-Ša …