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Chaadaev wrote the “Apology of a Madman” in French in 1837, a year after the scandal over the first Philosophical Letter and while he was officially regarded as insane. It was not published in his lifetime and appeared in 1862 in Paris in the edition of Ivan Gagarin. The text defends his patriotism: he had not learned, he writes, to love his country with closed eyes and a bowed head. At the same time it revises the verdict of the letter: Peter the Great had shown that Russia could take up European civilisation freely, and a country without a heavy past might learn from Europe’s errors and one day help solve problems that Europe could not. Later readers saw in it an early version of the idea of Russia’s special mission, which Slavophiles and some radicals developed in their own ways.

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• दार्शनिक पत्र1836 · प्योत्र चादायेव

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• 1836दार्शनिक पत्र